Table 3. Determinants associated with sleep disturbances in bronchiectasis patients.
| Poor sleepers, No. (%)a | Univariate Models | |||
| Determinants | Yes (n = 82) | No (n = 62) | OR (95% CI) | P value* |
| Age, mean (SD), yr | 48.7 (12.8) | 42.9 (14.0) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.012 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 50 (61.0) | 39 (62.9) | 0.92 (0.47–1.82) | 0.81 |
| Male | 32 (39.0) | 23 (37.1) | 1.00 | … |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| <18.5 | 32 (39.0) | 14 (22.6) | 2.17 (1.01–4.69) | 0.05 |
| 18.5–23.9 | 40 (48.8) | 38 (61.3) | 1.00 | … |
| ≥24 | 10 (12.2) | 10 (16.1) | 0.95 (0.36–3.54) | 0.51 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.6) | 1.56 (0.14–17.66) | 1.00 |
| Former | 12 (14.6) | 8 (12.9) | 1.17 (0.45–3.07) | 0.75 |
| Never | 68 (82.9) | 53 (85.5) | 1.00 | … |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 8 (9.8) | 7 (11.3) | 0.85 (0.29–2.52) | 0.78 |
| Married/cohabiting | 68 (82.9) | 51 (82.3) | 1.00 | … |
| Divorced/separated | 2 (2.4) | 2 (3.2) | 0.75 (0.10–5.51) | 1.00 |
| Widowed | 4 (4.9) | 2 (3.2) | 1.50 (0.26–8.51) | 1.00 |
| Education | ||||
| Highest completed level | ||||
| Less than high school | 42 (51.2) | 24 (38.7) | 1.00 | … |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 25 (30.5) | 17 (27.4) | 0.84 (0.38–1.86) | 0.67 |
| College graduate or above | 15 (18.3) | 21 (33.9) | 0.41 (0.18–0.94) | 0.03 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Working full time or part time | 33(40.2) | 37(59.7) | 1.00 | … |
| Not working due to health | 10(12.2) | 8(8.1) | 1.40(0.50–3.97) | 0.52 |
| Student | 0(0) | 2(3.2) | … | … |
| Housewife | 6(7.3) | 3(4.8) | 2.24(0.52–9.69) | 0.27 |
| Seeking work/not work for other reasons | 33(40.2) | 15(24.2) | 2.47(1.14–5.33) | 0.02 |
| Cough symptom score, median (IQR) | ||||
| Daytime score | 2 (2.0–3.0) | 2 (1.0–2.0) | 1.77 (1.22–2.57) | 0.003 |
| Nighttime score | 1 (1.0–2.0) | 1 (0–1.0) | 2.11 (1.35–3.27) | 0.001 |
| Depression (HADS-D≥8) | ||||
| Yes | 37 (45.1) | 6 (9.7) | 7.67 (2.98–19.80) | <0.001 |
| No | 45 (54.9) | 56 (90.3) | 1.00 | … |
| Anxiety (HADS-A≥8) | ||||
| Yes | 41 (50.0) | 16 (25.8) | 2.87 (1.41–5.88) | 0.003 |
| No | 41 (50.0) | 46 (74.2) | 1.00 | … |
| Onset of productive cough in childhood | ||||
| Yes | 15 (18.3) | 12 (19.4) | 0.93 (0.40–2.17) | 0.87 |
| No | 67 (81.7) | 50 (80.6) | 1.00 | … |
| FEV1<50% pred | ||||
| Yes | 17 (20.7) | 14 (22.6) | 0.90 (0.40–2.00) | 0.79 |
| No | 65 (79.3) | 48 (77.4) | 1.00 | … |
| HRCT score | ||||
| <6 | 35 (42.7) | 22 (35.5) | 1.00 | … |
| 6–12 | 37 (45.1) | 33 (53.2) | 0.71 (0.35–1.43) | 0.33 |
| ≥12 | 10 (12.2) | 7 (11.3) | 0.90 (0.30–2.71) | 0.85 |
| Daily sputum | ||||
| <10 ml | 29 (35.4) | 30 (48.4) | 1.00 | … |
| 10–30 ml | 24 (29.3) | 19 (30.6) | 1.31 (0.59–2.88) | 0.51 |
| >30 ml | 29 (35.4) | 13 (21.0) | 2.31 (1.01–5.29) | 0.05 |
| PA colonization | ||||
| Yes | 25 (30.5) | 10 (16.1) | 2.44 (1.06–5.65) | 0.03 |
| No | 48 (58.5) | 47 (75.8) | 1.00 | … |
| No information | 9 (11.0) | 5 (8.1) | 1.76 (0.55–5.65) | 0.34 |
| MRC dyspnea scale | ||||
| 0–1 | 62 (75.6) | 58 (93.5) | 1.00 | … |
| ≥2 | 20 (24.4) | 4 (6.5) | 4.68 (1.51–14.50) | 0.004 |
| Exacerbations in previous year | ||||
| 0–2 | 62 (73.2) | 48 (74.2) | 1.00 | … |
| ≥3 | 20 (22.0) | 14 (19.4) | 1.11 (0.51–2.41) | 0.80 |
| Rhinosinusitis | ||||
| Yes | 24 (29.3) | 16 (25.8) | 1.19 (0.57–2.50) | 0.65 |
| No | 58 (70.7) | 46 (74.2) | 1.00 | … |
Abbreviations: BMI = Body mass index; CI = Confidence interval; FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in one second; HADS-A = Hospital anxiety and depression scale-anxiety; HADS-D = Hospital anxiety and depression scale-depression; HRCT = High-resolution computed tomography; IQR = Interquartile range; OR = Odds ratios; PA = Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pred = Predictive value; MRC = Medical Research Council Scale; SD = Standardized deviation; yr = Year.
a
Data were presented as no. (%), unless otherwise specified.
*Univariate Logistic analysis was conducted to explore the determinants of sleep disturbances, and results were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).