Table 2.
Trends in macronutrient in take and dietary fats in men and women from 1991-20081
| Characteristic | Men | Women | Overall Sample | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exam 5 | Exam 6 | Exam 7 | Exam 8 | Exam 5 | Exam 6 | Exam 7 | Exam 8 | Exam 5 | Exam 6 | Exam 7 | Exam 8 | |
| N=1239 | N=1251 | N=1242 | N=1087 | N=1493 | N=1476 | N=1481 | N=1341 | N=2732 | N=2727 | N=2723 | N=2428 | |
| Total fat | 27.5 | 26.8 | 27.9 | 29.7 | 27.2 | 26.3 | 27.7 | 29.9 | 27.3 | 26.5 | 27.8 | 29.8 |
| (% kcal) | (6.0) | (6.1) | (6.0) | (6.0) | (5.9) | (6.0) | (6.3) | (6.1) | (6.0) | (6.1) | (6.2) | (6.1) |
| p-trend | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Animal fat | 16.3 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 17.4 | 15.8 | 16.0 | 17.0 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 17.1 | 17.2 |
| (% energy) | (5.5) | (5.3) | (5.4) | (5.5) | (5.2) | (5.2) | (5.6) | (5.6) | (5.4) | (5.3) | (5.5) | (5.6) |
| p-trend | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Vegetable fat | 13.8 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 15.5 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 16.0 | 14.9 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 15.8 |
| (% energy) | (4.4) | (4.1) | (4.4) | (5.1) | (4.4) | (4.3) | (4.6) | (5.3) | (4.4) | (4.2) | (4.5) | (5.2) |
| p-trend | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Saturated fat 2 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 11.1 |
| (% energy) | (2.9) | (2.8) | (2.8) | (2.7) | (2.8) | (2.8) | (2.9) | (2.8) | (2.8) | (2.8) | (2.9) | (2.7) |
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Polyunsaturated fat | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.3 |
| (% energy) | (1.7) | (1.5) | (1.6) | (1.7) | (1.7) | (1.6) | (1.8) | (1.9) | (1.7) | (1.6) | (1.7) | (1.8) |
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Monounsaturated fat | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 12.3 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 11.3 | 12.4 |
| (% energy) | (2.6) | (2.7) | (2.7) | (2.8) | (2.6) | (2.6) | (2.7) | (2.8) | (2.6) | (2.6) | (2.7) | (2.8) |
| p-trend | <.01 | <.01 | <.001 | |||||||||
| Trans-fat3,4 | 1.6 | --- | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | --- | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | --- | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| (% energy) | (0.8) | (0.5) | (0.4) | (0.7) | (0.5) | (0.4) | (0.7) | (0.5) | (0.4) | |||
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Omega-3 fat | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
| (% energy) | (0.12) | (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.17) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.11) | (0.12) | (0.14) | (0.16) |
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Carbohydrate | 50.1 | 50.7 | 49.1 | 46.0 | 51.7 | 52.8 | 50.8 | 47.4 | 51.0 | 51.8 | 50.0 | 46.8 |
| (% energy) | (8.5) | (8.5) | (8.6) | (8.5) | (8.3) | (8.5) | (9.0) | (8.6) | (8.4) | (8.6) | (8.9) | (8.6) |
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Protein | 16.1 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 17.6 | 17.9 | 18.5 | 16.8 | 17.1 | 17.4 | 18.0 |
| (% energy) | (3.2) | (3.1) | (3.3) | (3.4) | (3.3) | (3.3) | (3.3) | (3.6) | (3.3) | (3.2) | (3.4) | (3.6) |
| p-trend | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Total energy | 1988.0 | 1961.8 | 1944.1 | 1969.0 | 1751.7 | 1749.4 | 1716.0 | 1787.2 | 1858.9 | 1846.8 | 1820.0 | 1868.6 |
| (kcal) | (625.8) | (624.7) | (612.9) | (650.4) | (561.7) | (561.6) | (526.1) | (594.2) | (603.1) | (600.7) | (578.5) | (626.4) |
| p-trend | 0.44 | 1.0 | 0.48 | |||||||||
The p-values listed are for the overall trend, then for males & females, which were calculated using the statistical package R. The dietary trends were evaluated using a repeated measures model with subject-specific random intercepts to account for serial correlation. Bonferroni corrections were applied to subgroup analyses in order to correct for multiple comparisons
The p-values for interaction by sex were calculated. There was a significant interaction by sex for saturated fat with women reporting a greater increase in saturated fat intake (%energy) over time compared to men (β=0.32 vs. 0.22, p<0.01)
Trans-fats data were not available for exam 6
The p-values for interaction by sex were calculated. There was a significant interaction by sex for trans-fat with men reporting a greater decrease in trans-fat intake (%energy) over time compared to women (β= −0.13 vs. −0.09, p<0.01)