Fig. 3.

Effects of different aromatic amino acid combinations on vitronectin receptor, calcitonin receptor, and carbonic anhydrase II gene expression. Various aromatic amino acid combinations were used to treat the cells during osteoclastic differentiation at a 100 μM concentration and untreated cells were used as a control. a Amino acid combinations that down-regulated vitronectin receptor gene expression. b Different treatment groups that down-regulated calcitonin receptor gene expression. c Different amino acids that down-regulated carbonic anhydrase II gene expression. Untreated cells were used as control (fold change of expression = 1).Results are expressed as geometric mean and geometric SEM for at least three independent experiments. *p ≤ 0.05, # p ≤ 0.01, and p < 0.1