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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2014 Mar 20;146(7):1763–1774. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.014

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Lactate suppresses TLR4 mediated inflammatory signaling. Murine peritoneal macrophages assessed for LPS mediated lactate production (A), and lactate alteration of LPS induced Pro-Il1β with dose response (B), pro-inflammatory gene transcription (C) and phospho-p65 NF-κB levels (D). NF-κB reporter gene luciferase activity in RAW 264.7 cells in response to lactate and LPS (E). Primary human peripheral blood monocytes assessed for pro-inflammatory gene transcription in response to LPS and lactate (F). Asterisks denote significant difference (P<0.05) between treatment or bracketed groups. Double asterisk denotes significant difference between 5 and 15 mM lactate groups.