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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 9.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2014 May 5;344(6184):649–652. doi: 10.1126/science.1251152

Figure 3. Improved muscle physiology and physical function after rGDF11 supplementation.

Figure 3

(A). Electron micrographs of transverse sections of TA muscle from vehicle- or rGDF11-treated aged mice (representative of n=4 per group). Arrows indicate swollen mitochondria. (B, C). Western blot of PGC-1α (B) and LC3 forms I and II (C) in TA muscle extracts from cardiotoxin-injured or uninjured vehicle- or rGDF11-treated aged mice. Three animals are shown for each experimental group. Densitometric quantification of Western data are provided below each blot, normalized to GAPDH (B) or Actin (C). (D, E). Scatter plots of exercise endurance (D, maximum treadmill runtime in a 90 minute window) or forelimb grip-strength (E) of vehicle- or rGDF11-treated aged mice. Grip-strength is plotted as maximum force (Newton, N) exerted in triplicate trials. Red line represents the maximum grip-strength of 33-39 week-old young male mice. Data are presented for individual mice (black symbols) overlaid with mean ± SD (orange lines). p-values were calculated by Mann-Whitney analysis. “n=” indicates number of mice used for each analysis.