Fig. (1).

Challenges and opportunities for cancer vaccines inclusion in the current NSCLC clinical scenario. The cascade of clinical endpoints as backbone for active immunization assessment and each one of the three clinical ends points (white letter filled in dark grey), are challenged by the aging of the majority of patients, the advanced disease stage at diagnosis, the immunosuppressive microenvironment improved by the malignancy and by the broad spectrum of NSCLC molecular phenotypes (black letter non filled). The opportunities start from the selection of the target cancer hallmark, followed by the vaccine formulation and its platforms for immune potentiating, also cover the successful insertion in the standard of care, the long-term administration beyond progression disease, the personalization based on predictors of response and the potential combination with other targeted therapies (black letter filled in light grey).