Table 2.
Complete multivariate model of the risk indicators for 725 caregivers at risk for developing depression
| RISK INDICATOR | OR | 95% CI | AF % | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics: caregiver | ||||
| Young age (<65 yrs) | 1.49 | 0.86–2.55 | 12.29 | −5.26–26.91 |
| Female gender | 0.83 | 0.46–1.49 | −9.68 | −*** |
| Ethnicity (reference = Black) | ||||
| Hispanic | 2.03 | 1.11–3.71* | 7.28 | 0.77–13.36 |
| White | 1.87 | 1.13–3.09* | 21.39 | 3.75–35.80 |
| Low educational level | 0.88 | 0.59–1.30 | 3.74 | −7.99–14.19 |
| Being spouse of the patient | 0.97 | 0.49–1.90 | −1.14 | −*** |
| Socio-demographics: patient | ||||
| Old age (>80 yrs) | 1.11 | 0.74–1.66 | 3.26 | −10.55–15.34 |
| Male gender | 1.15 | 0.67–1.98 | 3.93 | −12.02–17.62 |
| Clinical variables: caregiver | ||||
| Poor self-rated health | 2.10 | 1.38–3.19** | 15.54 | 6.21–23.94 |
| Increased depressive symptoms (CES-D>7) | 3.04 | 1.92–4.81** | 43.28 | 25.25–56.97 |
| Antidepressant use | 1.41 | 0.78–2.56 | 2.58 | −2.06–7.02 |
| High anxiety level | 1.43 | 0.93–2.21 | 15.04 | −4.44–30.89 |
| Severity of dementia-related problems | ||||
| Worse physical health | 1.23 | 0.84–1.82 | 6.24 | −6.03–17.09 |
| Cognitive impairment (MMSE >13) | 1.16 | 0.78–1.71 | 4.86 | −9.34–17.22 |
| Behavior problems | 1.21 | 0.82–1.77 | 7.35 | −9.07–21.31 |
| Caregiving context | ||||
| Caring for more than 3 yrs | 0.88 | 0.60–1.30 | −4.92 | −*** |
| No help from family and friends last week | 1.26 | 0.86–1.84 | 6.84 | −5.10–17.42 |
| Hrs a day ‘doing things for patient’ | 1.24 | 0.84–1.84 | 7.80 | −7.21–20.70 |
| Total AF | 87.71 | 67.84–95.30 |
CI = confidence interval; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scale; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; OR = odds ratio; AF = attributable fraction; NNT = number needed to be treated.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.001.
***
A confidence interval of a negative AF cannot be computed.