Table 4.
Multivariate analyses of the trend of child health status from 1989 to 2006.
| Child health and nutritional status
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height-for-age Z score | Weight-for-age Z score | Stunted | Underweight | |
| Coef. | Coef. | Odds ratio | Odds ratio | |
| Panel 1: Multivariate analyses with interaction terms between URBAN dummy and time periods’ dummies | ||||
| Urban | 0.33*** (0.05) | 0.15*** (0.04) | 0.60*** (0.08) | 0.55*** (0.13) |
| Urban × Waves 1997–2000 | −0.01 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.88 (0.15) | 1.06 (0.47) |
| Urban × Waves 2004–2006 | −0.17** (0.08) | 0.10 (0.08) | 1.44* (0.31) | 1.76 (0.78) |
| Waves 1989–1993 | Reference | |||
| Waves 1997–2000 | 0.20*** (0.03) | 0.13*** (0.03) | 0.75*** (0.05) | 0.61*** (0.10) |
| Waves 2004–2006 | 0.34*** (0.04) | 0.38*** (0.04) | 0.69*** (0.07) | 0.84 (0.16) |
| Observations | 13,011 | 13,011 | 13,011 | 12,790 |
| (Pseudo) R2 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Child health and nutritional status
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height-for-age Z score | Weight-for-age Z score | Stunted | Underweight | |
| Coef. of urban | Coef. of urban | Odds ratio of urban | Odds ratio of urban | |
| Panel 2: Multivariate analyses separately for three periods | ||||
| Waves | ||||
| 1989–1993 | 0.35*** (0.05) | 0.19*** (0.04) | 0.59*** (0.08) | 0.54** (0.13) |
| 1997–2000 | 0.26*** (0.06) | 0.18*** (0.05) | 0.63*** (0.11) | 0.73 (0.35) |
| 2004–2006 | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.13* (0.08) | 0.84 (0.17) | 1.16 (0.50) |
Notes: (i) Cluster-robust standard errors are reported in parenthesis. (ii) Each cell in Panel 2 represents a cross-sectional regression, and we only report the coefficients of URBAN dummy here. (iii) Other control variables include child’s characteristics as age, gender, nationality, and student status; household characteristics as household income, gender of household head, and household size; mother’s characteristics if present in the survey, such as mother’s age, height, BMI, education, employment status, smoking and drinking behavior, and an indicator for the presence of mother in the survey; father’s characteristics if present in the survey, such as father’s age, height, BMI, education, employment status, smoking and drinking behavior, and an indicator for the presence of father in the survey; indicators of provinces; and a constant (for continuous dependent variables), which are not reported here.
p < 0.10.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.