Table 7.

Urban–rural disparities in child health status by gender.

	Child health and nutritional status
	Height-for-age Z score	Weight-for-age Z score	Stunted	Underweight
	Coef.	Coef.	Odds ratio	Odds ratio
Panel 1: Multivariate analyses with interaction terms between URBAN dummy and gender
Urban	0.30*** (0.05)	0.22*** (0.04)	0.63*** (0.08)	0.83 (0.21)
Urban × Girl	−0.04 (0.06)	−0.08* (0.04)	0.99 (0.16)	0.55* (0.19)
Girl	0.05 (0.03)	0.05* (0.03)	0.92 (0.06)	1.26* (0.16)
Observations	13,011	13,011	13,011	12,790
(Pseudo) R2	0.25	0.22	0.14	0.16

	Child health and nutritional status
	Height-for-age Z score	Weight-for-age Z score	Stunted	Underweight
	Coef. of urban	Coef. of urban	Odds ratio	Odds ratio of urban
Panel 2: Multivariate analyses separately for boys and girls
Child gender
Girl	0.25*** (0.05)	0.15*** (0.05)	0.60*** (0.09)	0.48** (0.15)
Boy	0.30*** (0.05)	0.21*** (0.04)	0.65*** (0.08)	0.75 (0.21)

Notes: (i) Cluster-robust standard errors are reported in parenthesis. (ii) Each cell in Panel 2 represents a cross-sectional regression, and we only report the coefficients of URBAN dummy here. (iii) Other control variables include child’s characteristics as age, gender, nationality, and student status; household characteristics as household income, gender of household head, and household size; mother’s characteristics if present in the survey, such as mother’s age, height, BMI, education, employment status, smoking and drinking behavior, and an indicator for the presence of mother in the survey; father’s characteristics if present in the survey, such as father’s age, height, BMI, education, employment status, smoking and drinking behavior, and an indicator for the presence of father in the survey; indicators of provinces; and a constant (for continuous dependent variables), which are not reported here.

^*p < 0.10.

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01.