Table 2.
Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for gout
| Author, year (reference) | Incident/ Prevalent gout |
Alcohol as a risk Factor | Odds ratio (OR), Risk ratio (RR) or Hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval] |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhole et al., 2009 (11) | incident | ≥ 7 oz. of pure alcohol/week vs. no alcohol | RR of incident gout, 3.10 | |
| Chang et al., 1997 (13) | prevalent | > 15 grams per day vs. no alcohol | OR of gout flare,1.2 [.4–3.4] | |
| Chen et al.,2003 (14) | prevalent | amount not specified | <0.0001 | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | 10–14.9 grams alcohol per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 1.32 [.99–1.75] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | 15–29.9 grams alcohol per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 1.49, [1.14–1.94] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | 30–49.9 grams alcohol per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 1.96 [1.48–2.60] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | > 50 grams alcohol per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 2.53 [1.73–3.70] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | Beer, 12 oz. serving per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 1.49 [1.32–1.70] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | Hard liquor, one shot per day vs. none | RR of incident gout, 1.15 [1.04–1.28] | |
| Choi et al., 2004 (17) | incident | Wine, 4 oz. per day vs. no wine | RR of incident gout, 1.04 [0.88–1.22] | |
| Chou and Lai, 1998 (26) | prevalent | amount not specified | Not specified | |
| Cohen et al., 2008 (27) | incident | amount not specified | HR of incident gout after dialysis, 1.33 | <0.001 |
| Fam et al., 1996 (30) | prevalent | amount not specified | Not specified | 0.003 |
| Lin et al., 2000 (41) | incident | alcohol consumption vs. no alcohol | OR of incident gout, 3.27 [1.57–7.32] | |
| Lin et al., 2000 (40) | incident | alcohol consumption vs. no alcohol | OR of incident gout, 1.62[1.27–2.06] | 0.042 |
| Lyu et al., 2003 (43) | incident | alcohol consumption ≥ 3 grams | OR of incident gout, 3.27 [1.35–7.92] | 0.02 |
| Tikly et al., 1998 (53) | prevalent | amount not specified | OR for gout 3.5 [1.6–1.7] | 0.05 |
| Williams et al., 2008 (54) | incident | amount not specified | RR of incident gout, 1.19 [1.12–1.26] | <0.0001 |
| Zhang et al., 2006 (57) | prevalent | 1 to 2 drinks in 2 day period vs. no alcohol | OR of recurrent attacks 1.1 [0.7–2.0] | <0.005 |
| Zhang et al., 2006 (57) | prevalent | 3 to 4 drinks in 2 day period vs. no alcohol | OR of recurrent gout attacks, 0.9 [0.4–1.8] | <0.005 |
| Zhang et al., 2006 (57) | prevalent | 5 to 6 drinks in 2 day period vs. no alcohol | OR of recurrent gout attacks, 2.0 [0.9–4.5] | <0.005 |
| Zhang et al., 2006 (57) | prevalent | ≥7 alcohol drinks in two day period vs. none | OR of recurrent gout attacks, 2.5 [1.1–5.9] | <0.005 |