Table 4.
Medications as a Risk Factor for gout
| Author year [reference] | Incident/ prevalent gout |
Medications as a risk Factor | Odds ratio (OR), Risk ratio (RR) or Hazard ratio (HR), Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bhole et al., 2009 (11) | incident | Diuretic use vs. no diuretic use | RRc for incident gout: Women, 2.39 [1.53–3.74]; Men, 3.41 [2.38–4.89] |
| Chen et al.,2003 (14) | prevalent | Diuretic use vs. no diuretic usea | |
| Hunter et al., 2006 (36) | prevalent | Any diuretic use vs. none | OR of gout flares, 3.6 [1.4–9.7] |
| Hunter et al., 2006 (36) | prevalent | Loop Diuretics use vs. no loop diuretic use | OR of recurrent gout attacks, 3.8 |
| Hunter et al., 2006 (36) | prevalent | Thiazide diuretics vs. no thiazide | OR of recurrent gout attacks, 3.2 |
| Janssens et al., 2006 (37) | incident | Diuretic use vs. no diuretic use | IRR of incident gout, 0.6 [0.2–2.0] |
| Choi et al., 2005 (16) | incident | Diuretic use vs. none | RR of gout flare, 1.77 [1.42–2.20] |
| Lin et al., 2000 (40) | incident | Use of diuretics during follow up vs. none | OR of incident gout, 6.47 [2.03–18.8] |
| Stamp et al , 2006 (51) | prevalent | Use of loop diuretics vs. none | Not specified |
| Suppiah et al., 2008 (52) | prevalent | Diuretic use vs. no diuretic use | OR of prevalent gout 3.2; [.6–6.6] |
| Creighton et al., 2005 (28) | incident | HIV positive patients on Ritonavir vs. not | OR of incident gout, 22 [5–104] |
| Gurwitz et al., 1997 (32) | prevalent | Non-thiazide antihypertensive vs. none | RR for initiation of anti-gout therapy 1.00 [0.65–1.53] |
| Shoji et al., 2004 (49) | prevalent | Antihyperuricemic drug use vs. none | OR of gout flare, 0.22 [.10-.47] |
| Kang et al., 2008 (38) | prevalent | Colchicine prophylaxis (yes vs.no) | OR of gout flare, 0.16 [0.04–0.61]b |
| Abbott et al., 2005 (5) | incident | Use of Neoral vs. Tacrolimus | HR of incident gout, 1.25 [1.07–1.47] |
Stamp et al , 2006 (51) and Shibolet et al., 2004 (48) assessed risk with medication use, but did not provide risk ratio
a
p-value <0.001;
b
p-value =0.008
c
Adjusted for age, education level, body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, hypertension, use of diuretics, blood glucose level, blood cholesterol level and menopausal status