FIG. 1.

Effect of α-mangostin on cell viability of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. (A) Cell viability. PC (PANC1, BxPC3, and ASPC1) and nontumorigenic immortalized HPDE cells were treated with α-mangostin at the indicated concentrations for 24 h, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. The values represent as percent viable cells compared to the vehicle-treated cells. Each value is the mean±SE of triplicate wells of each group. (B) Effect of α-mangostin on antioxidant activity as assessed by DCF/DNA assay in PC cells. Line graph is showing decrease in the DCF activity in ASPC1 and PANC1 cells with the treatment of α-mangostin normalized with total DNA contents. Values represent mean±SE of triplicate wells of each group. (C, D) Effect of α-mangostin on H₂O₂ levels in ASPC1 cells. In brief, ASPC1 cells were treated with specified concentrations of α-mangostin for 12 h. About 1.5×10⁴ cells were taken for the assay to measure the intracellular H₂O₂ levels. (C) Values in the bar graph are shown fluorescent units/cells calculated from total fluorescent units, which is correlated with the amount of H₂O₂ levels. (D) Values in the bar graph are shown as fluorescent units/μl cell culture supernatant, which was calculated from the amount of total cell culture media taken for the assay. PC in panels (C) and (D) denotes positive control of H₂O₂. HPDE, human pancreatic duct epithelial; MTT, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide.