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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Pathol. 2013 Oct;231(2):223–235. doi: 10.1002/path.4231

Figure 9.

Figure 9

(A, B) Muscle weights and (C, D) atrophy-related gene expression in gastrocnemius (GA) muscles (quadriceps muscles for Foxo3 analysis) were compared in WT and mdx mice, in both of which CpdA has less effect on muscle mass and causes fewer adverse changes in the expression of genes related to the maintenance of muscle mass than PNSL. All comparisons are made with VEH-treated WT or mdx controls. In all analyses, n = 15/group, except in gene expression studies in GA muscles, where WT, n = 5 and mdx,n = 8–10. For Foxo3 gene expression studies in quadriceps muscles, WT and mdx,n = 8 or 9. Measurements are expressed as mean ± SEM. GA and tibialis anterior (TA) weights were an average of both left and right muscles, while extensor digitorum longus (EDL) weights were only taken from the left muscle, due to use of the right EDL for in vitro force contraction studies. All drug doses in mg/kg/day: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001