The apparent rate constant for protein–ligand binding. (A) Nearly linear dependence of kapp on N. From bottom to top, the ω– values are 0.002, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 1, 2, 20, and 200. (Inset) Results for the six lowest ω– values displayed on the log-log scale. (B) Dependence of kapp on ω–, along with fits (dashed curves) to Eq. 3, at N = 5, 10, 20, 40, and 100 (from bottom to top). Error bars represent SDs of kapp values obtained from five batches of 1,000 simulations each; in many cases they are smaller than the corresponding symbols and hence are invisible.