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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 15.
Published in final edited form as: Nature. 2014 May 15;509(7500):325–330. doi: 10.1038/nature13307

Figure 1. Pup-directed behavior of Trpc2−/− and Trpc2+/− virgin animals and switch from attack to parenting in males after mating.

Figure 1

a, Behavior analysis of Trpc2−/− and Trpc2+/− virgin males demonstrates significantly different responses to pups in the presence or absence of VNO signaling. Chi-square test with Bonferroni correction, **P<0.01. b, Combined percentage of pups (out of four) retrieved by an animal group as a function of time. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Bonferroni correction, P<0.001 between Trpc2−/− and Trpc2+/− males, P<0.01 between Trpc2−/− males and Trpc2−/− females. c-f, Time spent in nest, and duration of crouching, pup grooming and nest building. Mean±SEM; Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni correction, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ns. not significant. g, Behavior of Trpc2+/− males tested after increasing durations of cohabitation with females subsequent to mating. Males mated on Day 0 except virgin controls, which were individually housed from Day 0 throughout the test. Male behavior switches from attack to parenting at a time period after mating that corresponds to the birth of their pups.