Table 2. Active ingredients or metabolite included in the multi-residue analyses by beekeeping matrix (A = Acaricide; F = Fungicide; H = Herbicide; I = Insecticide; S = Synergist).
Active ingredient or metabolite* | Class | LOQ (mg/kg) | ||
Wax | Beebread | Honey | ||
2,4-D | H | 0.1 | – | 0.01 |
Abamectin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Acetamiprid | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Aldicarb | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Alpha-cypermethrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Amitraz | A | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Azoxystrobin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Bentazone | H | 0.2 | – | 0.02 |
Benthiavalicarb | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Beta-cyfluthrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Bifenthrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Boscalid | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Captan | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Carbaryl | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Chlorpyriphos | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Chlorpyriphos-methyl | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Chlorothalonil | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Clothianidin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Coumaphos | A | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
Coumaphos oxon * | A | 0.1 | 0.1 | – |
Coumaphos phenolic* | A | 0.1 | 0.1 | – |
Cyazofamid | F | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Cyfluthrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Cymoxanil | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Cypermethrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Cyproconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Cyprodinil | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
DDT | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Deltamethrine | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Dichlorprop-P | H | 0.1 | – | 0.01 |
Difenoconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Diflubenzuron | I | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Dimethenamid-P | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Dimethoate | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Dimethomorph | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Dimoxystrobin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Epoxiconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Esfenvalerate | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Ethofumesate | H | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.05 |
Famoxadone | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Fenhexamid | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Fenoxycarb | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Fenpropidin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Fenpropimorph | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Fipronil | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Flonicamid | I | 2 | 2 | 0.2 |
Fluazinam | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Flufenacet | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Fluopicolide | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Flusilazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Heptenophos | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Imidacloprid | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Indoxacarb | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Iprodione | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Kresoxim-methyl | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Lambda-cyhalothrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Lindane | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Linuron | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
MCPA | H | 0.1 | – | 0.01 |
Mecoprop-P | H | 0.1 | – | 0.01 |
Metalaxyl-M | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Metamitron | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Metconazole | F | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Methiocarb | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Methoxyfenozide | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Metribuzin | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Penconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Pendimethalin | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Permethrin | I | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Picoxystrobin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Piperonyl butoxide | S | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Pirimicarb | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Prochloraz | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Propamocarb | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Propiconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Propyzamide | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Pymetrozine | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Pyraclostrobin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Pyrethrin | I | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
Pyrimethanil | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Rotenone | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Spinosad | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | – |
Spirodiclofen | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Spirotetramat | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Spiroxamine | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Sulcotrione | H | 0.1 | – | 0.01 |
Tau-fluvalinate | IA | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Tebuconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Tebufenozide | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Tefluthrine | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Terbuthylazine | H | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Tetraconazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Thiabendazole | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Thiacloprid | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Thiamethoxam | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Thiophanate-methyl | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Trifloxystrobin | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
Zeta-cypermethrin | I | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
Zoxamide | F | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |