Table 5.
Studies identified with measures of brain structure or function and muscle structure or function but no associations given in paper or on request
| Authors | Year | Country and dataset | n | Study design | Mean age (sd) | Male (%) | Brain structure or function | Muscle structure or function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Studies with brain structure and muscle structure (re:
Table 2
)
| ||||||||
|
1. Chowdhury et al. [79] |
1994 |
Sweden |
8 |
Methodology paper |
35 (8) |
100 |
Brain volume (CT) |
Calculated skeletal muscle volume (CT) |
|
Studies with brain structure and muscle function (re:
Table 3
)
| ||||||||
|
2. Liu-Ambrose et al. [80] |
2010 |
Canada, Exercise RCT in Vancouver |
155 |
RCT, prospective over 52 weeks |
69.6 (2.9) |
0 |
Whole brain volume (MRI) |
Gait speed, quads strength and muscle power |
|
3. Nadkarni et al. [81] |
2012 |
Canada, Sunnybrook Dementia Study |
20 controls |
Cross-sectional substudy of longitudinal study |
75 (9) |
40 |
Score on Age-Related White Matter Change Scale (MRI) |
Self-selected speed on a treadmill |
|
4. Sullivan et al. [82] |
2005 |
USA, California, Stanford |
51 |
Case–control study |
45.2 (13.9) |
100 |
Caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens and medial septal / diagonal band volumes and ICV (MRI) |
Bilateral grip strength |
|
Studies with brain function and muscle structure (re:
Table 4
)
| ||||||||
|
5. Guthrie et al. [83] |
2004 |
Australia, The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project |
1897 |
9 year prospective, observational population based sample |
Median 50 |
0 |
Episodic verbal memory using a 10 word recall task (CERAD) |
Body composition (DEXA) |
|
6. Ellis et al. [84] |
2009 |
Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging |
768 healthy controls |
Longitudinal case control study (AD vs MCI vs normal) |
70.0 (7.0) |
43 |
CVLT-II, Logical memory, RCFT, digit span, digit symbol coding, D-KEFS verbal fluency, BNT, clock, WTAR, Stroop. |
Body composition (DEXA) in subgroup in Perth |
|
7. Dao et al. [85] |
2013 |
Canada, Exercise RCT in Vancouver |
114 |
Secondary analysis of RCT data |
69.4 (2.9) |
0 |
Stroop test, MMSE |
Sub-total lean mass (DEXA) |
|
8. Schwartz et al. [86] |
2013 |
Canada, Saguenay Youth Study |
983 |
Longitudinal cohort study |
M 14.9 (1.8), F 15.1 (1.9) |
48.8 |
Executive function and Memory |
FFM (BIA) |
|
9. Bagger et al. [87] |
2004 |
Denmark, PERF study |
5607 |
Prospective, observational cohort study |
71.1 (6.6) |
0 |
Short Blessed Test |
TLM (DEXA) |
|
10. Abellan van Kan [88] |
2013 |
France, EPIDOS study |
3025 |
Prospective multi-centre cohort study |
80.51(3.9) |
0 |
SPMSQ |
Lean mass and ALM (DEXA) |
|
11. Nourhashemi et al. [89] |
2002 |
France, EPIDOS study |
7105 |
Cross-sectional study |
80.3 (3.65) (SPMSQ > =8) |
0 |
SPSMQ for orientation, concentration and memory |
FFM (DEXA) |
|
12. Nourhashemi et al. [90] |
2001 |
France, EPIDOS study |
7364 |
Prospective multicentre study |
Broken down by ADLs; means 79.9-82.7 years |
0 |
Pfeiffer’s test (aka SPMSQ) |
Body composition (DEXA) |
|
13. Paolisso et al. [91] |
1997 |
Italy, Naples |
30 (>50y), 30 (75-99y) 19 (>99y) |
Observational study |
44.5(1.8), 78(0.7), 102(0.8) |
46.8 |
MMSE |
FFM (BIA) |
|
14. Malaguarnera et al. [92] |
2007 |
Italy, Sicily |
66 |
Placebo controlled, randomized, double-blind, 2-phase study |
101(1.3) treatment, 101(1.4) placebo |
31.8 |
MMSE |
Total muscle mass (BIA) |
|
15. Jacobsen et al. [93] |
2012 |
Netherlands |
318 |
RCT |
Mean for each arm given range 73.4-74.0 |
0 |
15 words test and Trails B test |
BIA and DEXA |
|
16. Genton et al. [94] |
2011 |
Switzerland |
213 in 1999 and 112 in 2008 |
Cross-sectional study with 9 year f/u visit |
1999 M 71.7(5.2) |
1999 49.3 |
MMSE |
FFM (BIA), ASMM (DEXA) and BCM (total body potassium) |
| 2008 M 80.3(5.2) |
2008 49.1 |
|||||||
| 1999 F 73.2(5.5) |
|
|||||||
| 2008 F 82.2(5.6) | ||||||||
|
17. Donaldson et al. [95] |
1996 |
USA, Baltimore |
73 |
Cross-sectional study |
68.8 (7.2) |
31.5 |
MMSE |
FFM (DEXA) |
|
18. Bove et al. [96] |
2013 |
USA, Boston, Harvard |
12 |
Cross-sectional study |
31.6 (6.4) |
0 |
Multiple tests broken down to 5 cognitive domains |
Cross sectional area of mid-thigh (CT) |
|
19. Papadakis et al. [97] |
1995 |
USA, California, San Francisco |
104 |
Cross-sectional study |
75.5(4.9) |
100 |
MMSE, Trails B and DSST |
Lean tissue mass (DEXA) |
|
20. Janssen [98] |
2006 |
USA, Cardiovascular health study |
Baseline 5036 |
Longitudinal observational study (over 8 years) |
65-70 (42.7%), 71–76 (32.7%), 83–89 (18.2%), ≥90 (6.4%) |
43.6 |
MMSE |
Whole body muscle mass (BIA) and normalized for height to the skeletal muscle index (SMI, kg/m2) |
|
21. Masley et al. [99] |
2008 |
USA, Florida |
56 |
RCT |
Controls 43.5 (11.2), Intervention 47.1 (9.4) |
Control 39.3, Intervention 53.6 |
CNS vital signs battery |
FFM (BIA) |
|
22. Houston et al. [100] |
2012 |
USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
2641 |
Longitudinal cohort study |
74.7 (2.9) |
48.9 |
MMSE |
Lean mass (DEXA) |
|
23. Middleton et al. [101] |
2011 |
USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
197 |
Cross-sectional study from a 9 year longitudinal cohort study |
Separated into tertile of activity, means range from 73.9-75.8 |
Not given |
3MS |
FFM (DEXA) |
|
24. Koster et al. [102] |
2010 |
USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
2949 |
Cross-sectional study from a 9 year longitudinal cohort study |
Age 70–79 at baseline |
48.5 |
3MS |
Total bone-free lean mass, trunk lean mass, appendicular lean mass (DEXA) |
|
25. de Rekeneire et al. [103] |
2003 |
USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
2926 |
Baseline data from a 9 year longitudinal cohort study |
Diabetes mellitis (DM) 73.6 (2.9) and non-DM 73.6 (2.9) |
DM 55.9 Non-DM 46.9 |
MMSE and DSST |
Lean mass and lean soft tissue mass (i.e. lean mass minus bone) (DEXA) |
|
26. de Rekeneire et al. [104] |
2003 |
USA, Health, Aging, and Body Composition study |
Fallers 652, non-fallers 2398 |
Baseline data from a 9 year longitudinal cohort study |
Range 70-79 |
Fallers 41.7, non-fallers 50.3 |
Teng Mini-mental State Examination and DSST |
Total muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass in the legs (DEXA) |
|
27. Watts et al. [105] |
2013 |
USA, Kansas, Brain Aging Project |
74 healthy controls |
Longitudinal case–control study (Alzheimer’s dementia vs. controls) |
74.0 (7.2) |
43 |
MMSE |
Lean mass (DEXA) |
|
28. Canon et al. [106] |
2011 |
USA, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
867 |
Cross-sectional longitudinal study |
Range 60-85 |
44.8 |
Digit-symbol coding test |
Lean tissue mass (DEXA) |
|
29. Garry et al. [107] |
2007 |
USA, New Mexico Aging Process Study |
809 rolling participants (average 302 seen per year) |
Longitudinal Aging study (1979–2003) |
60+ Varied between years |
40 |
3MS (annual), WAIS R digit span, Fuld object memory evaluation, Color Trails 1 and 2, clock drawing (all less than annual) |
Annual skeletal tissue mass (DEXA) |
|
30. Haren et al. [108] |
2008 |
USA, St Louis, African-American Health Study |
124 |
Population based longitudinal study |
56.1(4.4) |
100 |
MMSE, TMT A&B |
TLM and ASM (DEXA) |
| 31. Dvorak et al. [109] | 1998 | USA, Vermont | 30 | Case–control study | 73(7) | 43.3 | MMSE | ASM and FFM (DEXA) |