Table 1.
Characteristics of the whole group and patients in the modelling and validation sets. There was no significant difference in any characteristic between the modelling and validation sets
| Whole group (n = 325) | Modelling set (n = 217) | Validation set (n = 108) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 67 (61–73) | 67 (60–73) | 68 (61–72) | 0.955 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 182 (56.3%) | 120 (55.8%) | 62 (57.4%) | 0.812 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.9 (22.5–27.8) | 25.0 (22.5–27.8) | 24.6 (22.6–27.8) | 0.952 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 53 (16.3%) | 33 (15.2%) | 20 (18.5%) | 0.651 |
| Preoperative diabetes, n (%) | 46 (14.2%) | 31 (14.3%) | 15 (13.9%) | 1.000 |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | 128 (39.4%) | 88 (40.6%) | 40 (37.0%) | 0.169 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 47 (14.5%) | 33 (15.2%) | 14 (13.0%) | |
| Ampullary carcinoma | 68 (20.9%) | 40 (18.4%) | 28 (25.9%) | |
| Duodenal carcinoma | 20 (6.2%) | 11 (5.1%) | 9 (8.3%) | |
| Neuroendocrine tumour | 15 (4.6%) | 10 (4.6%) | 5 (4.6%) | |
| Benign | 22 (6.8%) | 16 (7.4%) | 6 (5.6%) | |
| Other | 25 (7.7%) | 19 (8.8%) | 6 (5.6%) | |
| PPPD/Whipple procedure, n | 294/31 | 193/24 | 101/7 | 0.231 |
| PJ/PG, n | 176/149 | 117/100 | 59/49 | 0.907 |
| Pancreatic fistula, n (%) (ISGPF Grade A/B/C) | 77 (23.7%) (29/28/20) | 48 (22.1%) (21/19/8) | 29 (26.9%) (8/9/12) | 0.420 |
IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; PPPD, pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; PJ, pancreaticojejunostomy; PG, pancreaticogastrostomy; ISGPF, International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula.