Table 2.
Variable | Not Improved (n=142) | Improved (n=299) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age, yrs (±SD) | 66.1 | ±15.5 | 68.8 | ±14.0 | 0.07 |
Sex, female | 63 | (44) | 134 | (45) | 0.93 |
Race | 0.012 | ||||
Black | 34 | (24) | 36 | (12) | |
White | 107 | (75) | 258 | (86) | |
Heart failure history | 0.002 | ||||
Chronic heart failure | 102 | (73) | 166 | (57) | |
New onset heart failure | 38 | (27) | 125 | (43) | |
Most recent known LVEF, median (IQR) (n=227) | 38.0 | (10–75) | 40.0 | (10–80) | 0.33 |
Past medical history | |||||
CAD | 74 | (52) | 112 | (37) | 0.004 |
Prior MI | 37 | (26) | 72 | (24) | 0.65 |
Primary cardiomyopathy | 28 | (20) | 30 | (10) | 0.005 |
Obesity | 37 | (26) | 75 | (25) | 0.83 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 9 | (6) | 30 | (10) | 0.20 |
Asthma/COPD | 29 | (20) | 46 | (15) | 0.19 |
Diabetes- insulin dependent | 27 | (19) | 43 | (14) | 0.21 |
Diabetes- non-insulin dependent | 27 | (19) | 61 | (20) | 0.73 |
Renal insufficiency | 38 | (27) | 78 | (26) | 0.88 |
Anemia (Hg < 12 g/dL) | 28 | (20) | 36 | (12) | 0.032 |
Hypertension | 103 | (73) | 227 | (76) | 0.44 |
Prehospital treatment | 0.015 | ||||
Yes | 69 | (49) | 178 | (60) | |
No | 63 | (44) | 91 | (30) | |
Unknown | 10 | (7) | 30 | (10) | |
Signs & symptoms prior to triage | |||||
Onset of dyspnea before triage | 0.11 | ||||
1 to 3 days | 26 | (18) | 45 | (15) | |
3 to 5 days | 13 | (9) | 28 | (9) | |
last 24 hrs | 41 | (29) | 123 | (41) | |
> 5 days | 61 | (43) | 99 | (33) | |
Weight gain | 49 | (35) | 91 | (30) | 0.39 |
Fatigue | 102 | (72) | 167 | (56) | 0.001 |
No preceding signs | 17 | (12) | 57 | (19) | 0.06 |
Initial vital signs, mean (±SD) | |||||
Systolic BP, mmHg | 137.3 | ±33.7 | 146.7 | ±33.9 | 0.007 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 78.7 | ±19.6 | 82.4 | ±19.1 | 0.06 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 89.4 | ±22.4 | 92.4 | ±24.6 | 0.21 |
Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 21.5 | ±7.0 | 23.0 | ±7.0 | 0.041 |
Oxygen saturation | 94.3 | ±5.3 | 92.3 | ±5.9 | 0.002 |
Physical exam findings | |||||
Abnormal heart sounds (e.g., murmur, gallop) | 48 | (34) | 71 | (24) | 0.026 |
Jugular venous distention | 70 | (49) | 117 | (39) | 0.044 |
Rales | 90 | (63) | 204 | (68) | 0.31 |
Wheezing | 22 | (15) | 38 | (13) | 0.43 |
Peripheral edema | 85 | (60) | 147 | (49) | 0.036 |
Other signs: none of the above | 10 | (7) | 36 | (12) | 0.11 |
Laboratory results, mean (±SD) | |||||
Serum Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.1 | ±12.5 | 135.9 | ±16.5 | 0.44 |
Serum Potassium | 4.0 | ±0.9 | 3.9 | ±0.9 | 0.16 |
Creatinine | 1.5 | ±1.4 | 1.5 | ±1.1 | 0.58 |
Urea | 43.9 | ±51.2 | 27.2 | ±35.5 | <0.001 |
BNP, median (IQR) (n=98) | 866.5 | (40–5,019) | 938.5 | (61–4,357) | 0.65 |
NTpro BNP, median (IQR) (n=89) | 7281 | (902–34,019) | 6302.5 | (395– 30,000) | 0.27 |
Troponin > 0.04 ng/ml (n=441) | 42 | (30) | 129 | (43) | 0.006 |
CXR and ECG Results | |||||
CXR: normal | 4 | (3) | 5 | (2) | 0.43 |
CXR: interstitial edema | 77 | (54) | 122 | (41) | 0.008 |
CXR: pulmonary edema | 18 | (13) | 60 | (20) | 0.06 |
First ECG: normal | 10 | (7) | 21 | (7) | 0.99 |
First ECG: sinus rhythm | 76 | (54) | 174 | (58) | 0.35 |
Baseline medications | |||||
Beta-blockers | 88 | (62) | 143 | (48) | 0.005 |
ACE inhibitors | 74 | (52) | 139 | (46) | 0.27 |
Angiotension II receptor blockers | 16 | (11) | 38 | (13) | 0.67 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 26 | (18) | 26 | (9) | 0.003 |
Diuretics | 105 | (74) | 183 | (61) | 0.009 |
Data are reported as n (%) unless otherwise noted.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; BP = blood pressure; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = congestive obstructive pulmonary disease; Hg = hemoglobin; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; NTproBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; ECG = electrocardiogram;