Figure 1.

Triggering of immune response in Crohn’s disease. The main molecules involved are TGF-β, Tregs, TLR, DCs, Th cells, and TL1A.

Note: Reprinted from Cobrin GM, Abreu MT. Defects in mucosal immunity leading to Crohn’s disease. Immunol Rev. 2005;206:277–295.²⁰ Copyright © 2005, John Wiley and Sons.

Abbreviations: DCs, dendritic cells; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; Tregs, regulatory T-cells; TLR, Toll-like receptors; Th, T-helper; TL1A, TNF-like ligand 1A; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ, interferon gamma.