Table 1.

Segment coordinate system definitions for the right-hand side; Variables representing marker locations are defined as: m̅_i, where i represents the marker: suprasternal notch (IJ), xiphoid process (STRN), spinous process at C7 (SPC7), acromioclavicular joint (AC), inferior angle (AI), trigonum spine (TS), scapular spine (SS), acromial angle (AA), coracoid process (CP), humerus (HUM), olecranon (OLC), radial styloid (RAD), ulnar styloid (ULN), third and fifth metacarpals (M3 and M5). The joint center locations include: the thorax (t̅_c), the glenohumeral joint (${\overline{gh}}_c$), the elbow joint (ē_c), the wrist joint (w̅_c) and the third metacarpal joint (${\overline{m3}}_c$). Additionally, a temporary point (p̅_t), was used during the calculation of the thorax segment y-axis. The left-hand side was similarly defined.

Segment	X-axis (${\overline{\mathit{\text{segment}}}}_x$)	Y-axis (${\overline{\mathit{\text{segment}}}}_y$)	Z-axis (${\overline{\mathit{\text{segment}}}}_z$)
Thorax (t̅)	$${\mathrm{t̅}}_x=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{IJ}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{SPC7}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{IJ}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{SPC7}\Vert }$$	$${\mathrm{t̅}}_y=\frac{{\mathrm{p̅}}_t-{\mathrm{t̅}}_c}{\Vert {\mathrm{p̅}}_t-{\mathrm{t̅}}_c\Vert }\times {\mathrm{t̅}}_x$$	t̅z = t̅x × t̅y
Clavicle (c̅)	c̅x = t̅y × c̅z	c̅y = c̅z × c̅x	$${\mathrm{c̅}}_z=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{AC}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{IJ}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{AC}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{IJ}\Vert }$$
Scapula (s̅)	$${\mathrm{s̅}}_x=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{AA}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{AI}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{AA}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{AI}\Vert }\times {\mathrm{s̅}}_z$$	s̅y = s̅z × s̅x	$${\mathrm{s̅}}_z=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{AA}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{TS}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{AA}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{TS}\Vert }$$
Upper Arm ($$\overline{\mathit{u}\mathit{a}}$$)	$${\overline{ua}}_x={\overline{ua}}_y\times {\overline{ua}}_z$$	$${\overline{ua}}_y=\frac{{\overline{gh}}_c-{ē}_c}{\Vert {\overline{gh}}_c-{ē}_c\Vert }$$	$${\overline{ua}}_z=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{ē}_c}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{ē}_c\Vert }\times {\overline{ua}}_y$$
Forearm (f̅)	$${\mathrm{f̅}}_x=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{RAD}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{RAD}\Vert }\times {\mathrm{f̅}}_y$$	$${\mathrm{f̅}}_y=\frac{{ē}_c-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}}{\Vert {ē}_c-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}\Vert }$$	f̅z = f̅x × f̅y
Hand (h̅)	$${\mathrm{h̅}}_x=\frac{{\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{RAD}}{\Vert {\mathrm{m̅}}_{ULN}-{\mathrm{m̅}}_{RAD}\Vert }\times {\mathrm{h̅}}_y$$	$${\mathrm{h̅}}_y=\frac{{\mathrm{w̅}}_c-{\overline{m3}}_c}{\Vert {\mathrm{w̅}}_c-{\overline{m3}}_c\Vert }$$	h̅z = h̅x × h̅y