Table 6.

Mean peak force along all three axes for the wrist, elbow and glenohumeral joints. Force is presented as a percentage of the subject’s body weight (%BW), along with standard deviation (SD).

Joint	Magnitude of Lateral (+) / Medial (−) Joint Forces
	Max Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Min Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Force Range (%BW)
Wrist	5.9 (1.1)	14.2% (4.9)	−1.0 (0.3)	95.7% (4.7)	6.9 (1.2)
Elbow	7.0 (1.0)	14.8% (4.6)	−2.2 (0.6)	96.4% (5.2)	9.2 (1.2)
Glenohumeral	8.4 (1.5)	19.1% (14.3)	−1.6 (0.5)	96.5% (4.0)	10.1 (1.5)
	Magnitude of Anterior (+) / Posterior (−) Joint Forces
	Max Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Min Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Force Range (%BW)
Wrist	6.6 (0.4)	30.1% (4.8)	−1.1 (0.3)	81.9% (8.4)	7.7 (0.4)
Elbow	6.3 (1.1)	22.0% (8.3)	−1.5 (0.5)	76.9% (4.4)	7.7 (1.1)
Glenohumeral	4.8 (0.7)	24.0% (13.9)	−5.2 (0.7)	83.6% (7.9)	10.0 (0.8)
	Magnitude of Superior (+) / Inferior (−) Joint Forces
	Max Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Min Force (%BW)	% Cycle Timing	Force Range (%BW)
Wrist	3.8 (1.5)	19.8% (3.6)	−0.6 (0.3)	21.8% (18.1)	4.5 (1.7)
Elbow	3.3 (0.4)	92.2% (8.8)	−3.8 (0.5)	31.8% (3.7)	7.1 (0.6)
Glenohumeral	9.6 (1.7)	20.1% (3.5)	1.4 (0.6)	61.5% (10.1)	8.1 (1.8)