Table 1.

Story-reading interaction codes.

Type of code	Coding category	Description	Scoring
Specific comments and behaviors	Parent or child book-directed behaviors	Pointing to book content (text or pictures), labeling, describing or otherwise discussing pictures or words presented in the book (e.g., “What is he doing now?”)	Frequency
	Parent or child event-related comments	Comments or questions directly related to the story events, such as inferences about causality (e.g., “He must have been hungry”) or predictions about what will happen (e.g., “Now he's going to get breakfast”)	Frequency
	Parent or child elaborations	Comments or questions that involved relating the story to pre-existing knowledge (e.g., “What other animals eat bugs?”), to one's own life (e.g., “Grandpa's name is Wilbur, too”), or evaluative remarks (e.g., “Flies are yucky.”)	Frequency
	Child inattention	Indicators that the child is not attending to the story	Number of story events
	Parent redirections	Parent comments intended to redirect the child's attention to the story	Frequency
Global qualities	Interactive story-reading	Substantial verbal and/or non-verbal exchange between parent and child	0 = no
			1 = yes
	Child distraction	Child highly disengaged; no attempts to interact with parent about the story and does not respond to parent attempts	0 = no
			1 = yes
	Parent engagement	Parent is engaged in story reading task, makes consistent attempts to go beyond text-reading and respond to child attempts	0 = no
			1 = yes
	Parent expressiveness	Degree of parent emotional expressiveness during story reading	0 = none
			1 = intermittent
			2 = consistent