Table 1.
Patient demographic characteristics
| Low/middle income
|
High income
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLV ever n (%) |
No LLV ever n (%) |
All at risk n (%) |
LLV ever n (%) |
No LLV ever n (%) |
All at risk n (%) |
|
| Total | 36 (100) | 787 (100) | 823 (100) | 196 (100) | 1552 (100) | 1748 (100) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 27 (75) | 469 (59.6) | 496 (60.3) | 183 (93.4) | 1435 (92.5) | 1618 (92.6) |
| Female | 9 (25) | 318 (40.4) | 327 (39.7) | 13 (6.6) | 117 (7.5) | 130 (7.4) |
| Age | ||||||
| <20 years | 0 (0) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 8 (0.5) | 8 (0.5) |
| 20–29 years | 3 (8.3) | 152 (19.3) | 155 (18.8) | 28 (14.3) | 195 (12.6) | 223 (12.8) |
| 30–39 years | 23 (63.9) | 376 (47.8) | 399 (48.5) | 72 (36.7) | 552 (35.6) | 624 (35.7) |
| 40–49 years | 8 (22.2) | 171 (21.7) | 179 (21.8) | 54 (27.6) | 482 (31.1) | 536 (30.7) |
| 50–59 years | 1 (2.8) | 64 (8.1) | 65 (7.9) | 35 (17.9) | 227 (14.6) | 262 (15) |
| 60–69 years | 1 (2.8) | 15 (1.9) | 16 (1.9) | 7 (3.6) | 70 (4.5) | 77 (4.4) |
| ≥ 70 years | 0 (0) | 7 (0.9) | 7 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 18 (1.2) | 18 (1) |
| Exposure | ||||||
| MSM | 5 (13.9) | 70 (8.9) | 75 (9.1) | 127 (64.8) | 991 (63.9) | 1118 (64) |
| IDU | 1 (2.8) | 39 (5) | 40 (4.9) | 7 (3.6) | 39 (2.5) | 46 (2.6) |
| Heterosexual | 26 (72.2) | 600 (76.2) | 626 (76.1) | 47 (24) | 297 (19.1) | 344 (19.7) |
| Other | 2 (5.6) | 71 (9) | 73 (8.9) | 13 (6.6) | 202 (13) | 215 (12.3) |
| Missing | 2 (5.6) | 7 (0.9) | 9 (1.1) | 2 (1) | 23 (1.5) | 25 (1.4) |
| CD4 count | ||||||
| ≤200 cells/μL | 5 (13.9) | 109 (13.9) | 114 (13.9) | 31 (15.8) | 218 (14) | 249 (14.2) |
| 201–350 cells/μL | 8 (22.2) | 190 (24.1) | 198 (24.1) | 44 (22.5) | 288 (18.6) | 332 (19) |
| 351–500 cells/μL | 7 (19.4) | 183 (23.3) | 190 (23.1) | 54 (27.6) | 341 (22) | 395 (22.6) |
| >500 cells/μL | 12 (33.3) | 243 (30.9) | 255 (31) | 51 (26) | 586 (37.8) | 637 (36.4) |
| Missing | 4 (11.1) | 62 (7.9) | 66 (8) | 16 (8.2) | 119 (7.7) | 135 (7.7) |
| Prior ADI | ||||||
| No | 12 (33.3) | 416 (52.9) | 428 (52) | 125 (63.8) | 1095 (70.6) | 1220 (69.8) |
| Yes | 24 (66.7) | 371 (47.1) | 395 (48) | 71 (36.2) | 457 (29.4) | 528 (30.2) |
| TB ever | ||||||
| No | 32 (88.9) | 693 (88.1) | 725 (88.1) | 189 (96.4) | 1515 (97.6) | 1704 (97.5) |
| Yes | 4 (11.1) | 94 (11.9) | 98 (11.9) | 7 (3.6) | 37 (2.4) | 44 (2.5) |
| Year of first cART | ||||||
| <2000 | 8 (22.2) | 32 (4.1) | 40 (4.9) | 69 (35.2) | 265 (17.1) | 334 (19.1) |
| 2000–2005 | 20 (55.6) | 469 (59.6) | 489 (59.4) | 82 (41.8) | 601 (38.7) | 683 (39.1) |
| ≥ 2006 | 8 (22.2) | 286 (36.3) | 294 (35.7) | 45 (23) | 686 (44.2) | 731 (41.8) |
| HCV ever | ||||||
| No | 19 (52.8) | 413 (52.5) | 432 (52.5) | 160 (81.6) | 1277 (82.3) | 1437 (82.2) |
| Yes | 1 (2.8) | 71 (9) | 72 (8.8) | 15 (7.7) | 100 (6.4) | 115 (6.6) |
| Missing | 16 (44.4) | 303 (38.5) | 319 (38.8) | 21 (10.7) | 175 (11.3) | 196 (11.2) |
| HBV ever | ||||||
| No | 17 (47.2) | 468 (59.5) | 485 (58.9) | 170 (86.7) | 1201 (77.4) | 1371 (78.4) |
| Yes | 1 (2.8) | 56 (7.1) | 57 (6.9) | 7 (3.6) | 82 (5.3) | 89 (5.1) |
| Missing | 18 (50) | 263 (33.4) | 281 (34.1) | 19 (9.7) | 269 (17.3) | 288 (16.5) |
| First regimen | ||||||
| NRTI/PI | 14 (38.9) | 167 (21.2) | 181 (22) | 90 (45.9) | 582 (37.5) | 672 (38.4) |
| NRTI/NNRTI | 22 (61.1) | 617 (78.4) | 639 (77.6) | 84 (42.9) | 816 (52.6) | 900 (51.5) |
| NRTI | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (4.6) | 44 (2.8) | 53 (3) |
| NRTI/NNRTI/PI | 0 (0) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 7 (3.6) | 53 (3.4) | 60 (3.4) |
| II | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.6) | 55 (3.5) | 60 (3.4) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) |
The analysis included all patients who had achieved undetectable viral load (≤ 50 copies/mL) within 1 year of starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and prior to subsequent virological failure and excluded periods off treatment or on mono/duo for > 7 days.
Regimen at time of first undetectable viral load within 1 year after cART commencement.
ADI, AIDS-defining illness; IDU, injecting drug use; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; LLV, low-level viraemia; MSM, men who have sex with men; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; II, integrase inhibitor; TB, tuberculosis.