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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2014 Apr 29;85(4):1433–1445. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12242

Table 6.

Multilevel model predicting the development of working memory: Estimates of fixed (top) and random (bottom) effects

Parameter	Working Memory Factor

	Fixed Effects

	B	p	r_effect

Initial Status, π_0i
Intercept	−3.45	< .001	.44
Parental Education	0.38	.02	.13
Concentrated Disadvantage	−1.44	.11	.09
African-American	−0.70	.04	.12
Hispanic or Latino	0.32	.54	.04
Age, π_1i
Intercept	1.08	<.001	.32
Parental Education	−0.06	.45	.04
Concentrated Disadvantage	0.66	.10	.10
Age-squared, π_2i
Intercept	−0.04	.03	.13
Parental Education	0.01	.30	.06
Concentrated Disadvantage	−0.06	.17	.08

	Random Effects

	Estimate	SE

Level 1
Within-person, σ_ε²	1.85	0.12
Level 2
Initial Status, σ₀²	14.10	3.85
Age, σ₁²	2.16	0.82
Age-squared, σ₂²	0.02	0.01
Covariance, σ₀₁	−4.72	1.74
Covariance, σ₀₂	0.44	0.19
Covariance, σ₁₂	−0.20	0.09
R_ε²	0.42
R₀²	0.12
R₁²	0.04
R₂²	0.07
Deviance	4553.33