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. 2014 Jun 11;4(9):872–892. doi: 10.7150/thno.9404

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© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.

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Carbon-based nanoparticles for delivery of siRNA. Applied carbon nanostructures include multiwalled- and singlewalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and single-atom-thick sheets of graphene oxide (GO). Ammonium-functionalized CNTs are prepared through non-covalent binding with cetylpyridinium chloride ²⁰⁹, tert-butyl-n-(6-aminohexyl)carbamate ⁹², and 1, 6 hexanediamine ⁹⁵. Polymer coated-CNTs and GO are prepared through the addition of different positively charged polymers to their surfaces, including polyethylenimine (PEI) ¹⁰⁶, ²⁰⁹ and poly(diallyldimethylammonium)chloride (PDDA) ⁹⁴. Both ammonium-functionalized CNTs and polymer-coated CNSs are conjugated to siRNA by electrostatic interaction. CNTs can also be modified with non-covalent adsorption of phospholipid molecules carrying poly(ethylene glycol) (PL-PEG) chains with terminal amine or maleimide groups. This amine or maleimide terminal on the PL-PEG (red circle) permits the incorporation of thiolated siRNA by disulfide bond formation ⁹¹, ⁹³.