Table IV.
Differences Between Children With Clefts and Their Unaffected Siblings in Academic Achievement Test Scores by Cleft Type (Cleft Lip Only, Cleft Palate Only, Cleft Lip and Palate)
| Case group | Reading | Language | Math | Science | Social studies | Sources of information | Composite | Special education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic regression specification |
||||||||
| N | 4,129 | 3,605 | 4,356 | 4,164 | 3,006 | 2,965 | 2,749 | 3,929 |
| Cleft lip only | 2.00 | 3.43 | 2.98 | 3.33 | 5.22* | 2.39 | 2.45 | −0.051* |
| β(SE) | (2.27) | (3.23) | (2.33) | (2.81) | (3.59) | (3.34) | (3.34) | (0.026) |
| Cleft palate only | −2.59 | −4.59 | 0.06 | 1.79 | −4.06 | −3.87 | −2.78 | 0.12** |
| β(SE) | (4.13) | (4.40) | (3.59) | (4.51) | (5.08) | (4.29) | (4.37) | (0.049) |
| Cleft lip with palate | −0.11 | −0.02 | −1.09 | 0.23 | −2.19 | 0.15 | −0.32 | 0.004 |
| β(SE) | (2.61) | (3.10) | (2.57) | (2.90) | (2.96) | (2.52) | (2.76) | (0.043) |
| Expanded regression specification |
||||||||
| N | 4,125 | 3,601 | 4,350 | 4,158 | 3,006 | 2,964 | 2,749 | 3,923 |
| Cleft lip only | 2.17 | 3.87 | 3.01 | 3.32 | 5.88* | 2.87 | 2.96 | −0.055** |
| β(SE) | (2.11) | (2.85) | (2.20) | (2.69) | (3.42) | (2.92) | (2.99) | (0.025) |
| Cleft palate only | −3.84 | −6.17* | −0.11 | 1.08 | −6.14 | −5.81* | −4.34 | 0.13** |
| β(SE) | (3.94) | (3.99) | (3.35) | (4.23) | (4.60) | (3.50) | (3.65) | (0.052) |
| Cleft lip with palate | 0.85 | 2.56 | 0.24 | 1.08 | −0.31 | 2.17 | 1.83 | −0.009 |
| β(SE) | (2.54) | (2.97) | (2.53) | (2.81) | (2.85) | (2.45) | (2.60) | (0.042) |
Note. Two separate regression models (with the same sample size) were estimated for each outcome. The basic regression models are adjusted for child age, sex, and grade level; test version and years test had been in use. In addition to these variables, the expanded regression models were adjusted for maternal reports of prenatal smoking and alcohol use; parental age; and mother’s marital status.
*p < .1; **p < .05; ***p < .01.