Table 1.
Adjusted odds ratios for general health, physical activity, healthy eating and healthy weight by policy factor
| Single-factor model (adjusted for gender,
age, IMD) |
Multi-variable model (adjusted for all
significant factors, age, gender, IMD) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| General health | ||||||
| Individual | ||||||
| Self-esteem | 1.51 | 1.17–1.95 | .002 | 1.37 | 1.02–1.84 | .038 |
| Involvement in health | 1.81 | 1.41–2.33 | < .001 | 1.85 | 1.32–2.60 | < .001 |
| What I personally do | 1.32 | 1.03–1.70 | .028 | 1.01 | 0.74–1.38 | .960 |
| Be myself | 1.12 | .390 | ||||
| Achievement | 1.67 | 1.29–2.15 | < .001 | 1.12 | .501 | |
| Confidence | 1.20 | .212 | ||||
| Microsystem | ||||||
| Can talk to parents | 1.10 | .482 | ||||
| Friends care about health | 1.36 | 1.04–1.76 | .023 | 0.79 | .200 | |
| Social participation | 1.39 | 1.06–1.81 | .017 | 1.18 | .306 | |
| Safe neighbourhood | 1.50 | 1.15–1.96 | .003 | 1.40 | 1.02–1.93 | .040 |
| School connectedness | 1.35 | 1.05–1.75 | .022 | 1.34 | 0.94–1.92 | .106 |
| School environment | 1.56 | 1.19–2.03 | .001 | 1.19 | .319 | |
| Age | 1.16 | 0.49–2.77 | .738 | |||
| Gender | 0.91 | 0.46–1.79 | .779 | |||
| IMD | 1.18 | 0.42–3.34 | .755 | |||
| Nagelkerke value | .20 | |||||
| Physically active | ||||||
| Individual | ||||||
| Self-esteem | 1.69 | 1.26–2.26 | < .001 | 1.52 | 1.11–2.07 | .009 |
| Involvement in health | 1.56 | 1.17–2.09 | .002 | 1.44 | 1.06–1.94 | .018 |
| What I personally do | 1.19 | .160 | ||||
| Be myself | 1.36 | 1.06–1.76 | .016 | 1.14 | .322 | |
| Achievement | 0.982 | .877 | ||||
| Confidence | 1.06 | .609 | ||||
| Microsystem | ||||||
| Can talk to parents | 0.97 | .787 | ||||
| Friends care about health | 1.19 | .159 | ||||
| Social participation | 2.07 | 1.53–2.79 | < .001 | 1.94 | 1.42–2.66 | < .001 |
| Safe neighbourhood | 1.06 | .619 | ||||
| School connectedness | 1.18 | .169 | ||||
| School environment | 0.81 | .068 | ||||
| Age | 1.60 | 0.81–3.18 | .176 | |||
| Gender | 0.46 | 0.28–0.76 | .002 | |||
| IMD | 1.17 | 0.54–2.57 | .689 | |||
| Nagelkerke value | 0.22 | |||||
| Healthy eating | ||||||
| Individual | ||||||
| Self-esteem | 1.09 | .389 | ||||
| Involvement in health | 1.31 | 1.06–1.62 | .013 | 1.27 | 1.00–1.62 | .055 |
| What I personally do | 1.08 | .475 | ||||
| Be myself | 0.99 | .940 | ||||
| Achievement | 1.29 | 1.05–1.60 | .017 | 1.13 | 0.88–1.44 | .322 |
| Confidence | 1.29 | 1.05–1.58 | .015 | 1.36 | 1.11–1.68 | .004 |
| Microsystem | ||||||
| Can talk to parents | 1.07 | .528 | ||||
| Friends care about health | 1.24 | 1.00–1.52 | .046 | 1.07 | .572 | |
| Social participation | 1.10 | .349 | ||||
| Safe neighbourhood | 1.08 | .459 | ||||
| School connectedness | 1.11 | .329 | ||||
| School environment | 1.29 | 1.05–1.59 | .018 | 1.25 | 1.00–1.57 | .050 |
| Age | 0.78 | 0.44–1.36 | .376 | |||
| Gender | 0.89 | .589 | ||||
| IMD | 2.34 | 1.20–4.55 | .012 | |||
| Nagelkerke value | 0.11 | |||||
| Healthy weight | ||||||
| Individual | ||||||
| Self-esteem | 1.20 | .108 | ||||
| Involvement in health | 1.12 | .308 | ||||
| What I personally do | 1.05 | .650 | ||||
| Be myself | 1.09 | .451 | ||||
| Achievement | 0.80 (0.60) F | 0.63–1.01 (0.39–0.92) F | .059 (.018) F | |||
| Confidence | 1.08 | .491 | ||||
| Microsystem | ||||||
| Can talk to parents | 1.14 | .249 | ||||
| Friends care about health | 1.05 | .650 | ||||
| Social participation | 1.13 | .264 | ||||
| Safe neighbourhood | 1.33 | 1.05–1.69 | .017 | 1.33 | 1.05–1.69 | .017 |
| School connectedness | 1.09 | .433 | ||||
| School environment | 1.12 | .317 | ||||
| Age | 1.69 | .080 | ||||
| Gender | 1.46 | .101 | ||||
| IMD | 1.39 | .368 | ||||
| Nagelkerke value | 0.04 | |||||
Notes: Odds ratios are presented for the association between 12 policy factors (six individual factors and six microsystem factors) and seven health outcomes.
An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the odds of health or healthy behaviour increase with higher self-esteem, school-connectedness, etc.
For demographic factors, an odds ratio greater than 1 indicates that the odds of health or healthy behaviour increase with age and higher socio-economic status and are higher for females compared to males.
Two models are presented for each health outcome. The left-hand column shows the adjusted odds ratios for each policy factor score, adjusted for age, gender and IMD. These were named as single-factor models. The right-hand column then shows a multi-variable model, which includes all policy factors significant (p < .05) at the partially adjusted stage.