Table 2.
Anthropometric infant data from birth to year-1
| Lean group | Obese group | Obese GDM group | P-value 1 | Adjusted p-value 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Weight [g] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Birth |
3,449 ± 332 [15] |
3,651 ± 285 [13] |
3,617 ± 333 [16] |
0.201 |
0.169 |
| Week-6 |
4,701 ± 330 [15] |
4,963 ± 635 [13] |
5,285 ± 517 [12] |
0.017b |
0.170 |
| Month-4 |
6,468 ± 522 [15] |
6,929 ± 829 [11] |
7,066 ± 732 [13] |
0.071 |
0.211 |
| Year-1 |
9,786 ± 915 [15] |
10,356 ± 1273 [12] |
10,392 ± 1212 [14] |
0.286 |
0.549 |
|
Weight gain [g] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Δ Week-6 - birth |
1,265 (1,095-1,480) [15] |
1,480 (775–1,690) [13] |
1,550 (1,361-1,892) [12] |
0.017b |
0.394 |
| Δ Month-4 - week-6 |
1,734 (1,390-2,100) [15] |
2,070 (1,840-2,300) [11] |
1,848 (1,460-2,100) [11] |
0.112 |
0.042a |
| Δ Year-1 - month-4 |
3,318 ± 760 [15] |
3,228 ± 801 [11] |
3,329 ± 666 [13] |
0.936 |
0.937 |
| Δ Year-1 - birth |
6,337 ± 996 [15] |
6,665 ± 1,220 [12] |
6,765 ± 1,102 [14] |
0.554 |
0.722 |
|
Length [cm] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Birth |
51.8 ± 1.5 [15] |
52.5 ± 1.4 [13] |
52.3 ± 1.5 [16] |
0.299 |
0.264 |
| Week-6 |
55.6 ± 0.9 [15] |
56.0 ± 1.8 [13] |
56.4 ± 1.4 [12] |
0.360 |
0.738 |
| Month-4 |
63.3 ± 1.2 [15] |
64.4 ± 2.0 [11] |
63.7 ± 1.4 [13] |
0.226 |
0.177 |
| Year-1 |
76.5 ± 2.3 [15] |
77.5 ± 2.6 [12] |
76.7 ± 2.7 [14] |
0.551 |
0.666 |
|
Ponderal index [g/cm
3
] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Birth |
6.65 ± 0.54 [15] |
6.95 ± 0.48 [13] |
6.81 ± 0.51 [16] |
0.291 |
0.287 |
| Week-6 |
8.45 ± 0.55 [15] |
8.86 ± 1.03 [13] |
9.36 ± 0.75 [12] |
0.018b |
0.176 |
| Month-4 |
10.21 ± 0.81 [15] |
10.74 ± 1.06 [11] |
11.04 ± 0.97 [13] |
0.073 |
0.272 |
| Year-1 |
12.80 ± 1.04 [15] |
13.34 ± 1.38 [12] |
13.52 ± 1.30 [14] |
0.262 |
0.616 |
|
Head circumference [cm] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Birth |
34.0 (34.0-35.5) [15] |
35.0 (34.5-36.5) [13] |
35.5(34.0-36.0) [16] |
0.072 |
0.410 |
| Week-6 |
37.5 (37.0-38.8) [15] |
38.3 (37.6-39.7) [13] |
38.9 (37.7-40.0) [12] |
0.023b |
0.096 |
| Month-4 |
41.1 ± 1.2 [15] |
42.1 ± 1.7 [11] |
42.0 ± 1.3 [13] |
0.132 |
0.184 |
| Year-1 |
45.6 ± 1.4 [15] |
47.0 ± 1.6 [12] |
47.1 ± 1.7 [14] |
0.072 |
0.105 |
|
Waist circumference [cm] |
|
|
|
|
|
| Year-1 | 45.1 ± 2.4 [15] | 45.6 ± 4.0 [12] | 45.7 ± 3.0 [14] | 0.859 | 0.897 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD; otherwise skewed variables are presented as median followed by interquartile range, numbers in brackets represent number of infants included in the analysis.
1One-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc test or nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis-test with Dunn’s post hoc test.
2Statistical analyses were performed by multiple linear regression models. P-values for parameters at week-1 were adjusted for infant sex, pregnancy duration and age at investigation. P-values at week-6, month-4 and year-1 were adjusted for infant sex, pregnancy duration, age at investigation and corresponding breastfeeding.
aP-value < 0.05 obese vs. lean group; bp-value < 0.05 obese GDM vs. lean group.