Table 5.
Likelihood of having cardiovascular risk factors
| |
Snacking patterns* |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVRF + odds ratio (LCL, UCL)** | Misc. snacks (n = 3,230) | Cakes/Cookies/Pastries (n = 2,180) | Sweets (n = 1,495) | Vegetables/Legumes (n = 1,524) | Alcohol (n = 1,572) | Milk desserts (n = 1,355) | Crackers/Salty snacks (n = 1,293) | Soft drinks (n = 1,088) | Other grains (n = 1,190) | Whole fruit (n = 913) | Coffee/Tea (n = 295) |
| Elevated BP |
1.04 (0.82, 1.31) |
0.89 (0.68, 1.16) |
1.02 (0.76, 1.37) |
1.09 (0.77, 1.53) |
0.85 (0.59, 1.23) |
1.04 (0.78, 1.39) |
1.13 (0.79, 1.61) |
1.09 (0.75, 1.60) |
0.98 (0.67, 1.43) |
0.94 (0.64, 1.37) |
0.97 (0.58, 1.61) |
| Elevated Glucose |
1.08 (0.75, 1.55) |
1.06 (0.74, 1.52) |
0.87 (0.57, 1.34) |
1.34 (0.96, 1.88) |
0.86 (0.56, 1.34) |
1.16 (0.78, 1.71) |
1.01 (0.63, 1.60) |
0.89 (0.55, 1.45) |
1.30 (0.81, 2.09) |
1.30 (0.73, 2.32) |
0.58 (0.31, 1.11) |
| Elevated LDL-C |
0.84 (0.61, 1.16) |
1.02 (0.71, 1.45) |
0.99 (0.70, 1.40) |
1.12 (0.80, 1.58) |
0.84 (0.53, 1.33) |
0.97 (0.65, 1.44) |
0.87 (0.56, 1.36) |
1.13 (0.70, 1.82) |
0.90 (0.53, 1.52) |
0.93 (0.61, 1.42) |
1.04 (0.53, 2.02) |
| Decreased HDL-C |
0.96 (0.77, 1.19) |
0.94 (0.74, 1.20) |
1.23 (0.95, 1.59) |
0.89 (0.68, 1.17) |
0.88 (0.60, 1.29) |
0.97 (0.73, 1.30) |
1.08 (0.85, 1.37) |
1.40 (0.98, 1.99) |
0.94 (0.68, 1.31) |
1.08 (0.81, 1.44) |
1.15 (0.63, 2.11) |
| Elevated TAG |
1.00 (0.73, 1.37) |
0.89 (0.64, 1.23) |
1.10 (0.75, 1.63) |
0.97 (0.67, 1.40) |
0.89 (0.58, 1.36) |
0.85 (0.61, 1.19) |
1.09 (0.72, 1.65) |
1.29 (0.85, 1.98) |
1.00 (0.62, 1.60) |
0.89 (0.58, 1.36) |
0.94 (0.45, 1.93) |
| Elevated WC |
0.95 (0.77, 1.17) |
0.87 (0.67, 1.13) |
0.93 (0.70, 1.25) |
0.88 (0.61, 1.26) |
0.74 (0.55, 1.00) |
0.92 (0.70, 1.21) |
0.99 (0.75, 1.29) |
1.03 (0.75, 1.41) |
1.04 (0.75, 1.45) |
0.69 (0.46, 1.02) |
0.92 (0.50, 1.68) |
| Elevated OB |
0.97 (0.78, 1.22) |
0.91 (0.73, 1.15) |
0.95 (0.74, 1.21) |
0.89 (0.67, 1.18) |
0.85 (0.60, 1.19) |
0.97 (0.72, 1.29) |
1.04 (0.81, 1.33) |
1.03 (0.76, 1.39) |
0.92 (0.69, 1.22) |
0.91 (0.66, 1.24) |
0.85 (0.54, 1.34) |
| Elevated OW |
0.99 (0.80, 1.23) |
1.09 (0.86, 1.38) |
0.96 (0.72, 1.26) |
1.00 (0.78, 1.29) |
0.99 (0.75, 1.30) |
1.02 (0.79, 1.32) |
1.00 (0.76, 1.33) |
1.00 (0.77, 1.32) |
0.96 (0.76, 1.23) |
0.94 (0.68, 1.29) |
1.29 (0.80, 2.07) |
| Elevated OW/OB | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.29) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.03 (0.75, 1.41) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.17) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.96) |
*Reference group is No Snacks (n = 2853, 13%).
**Adjusted for ethnicity, gender, age, estimated energy ratio (kcal/estimated energy requirement), poverty income ratio, Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, smoking, and Alcohol. Body Mass Index (BMI) was controlled for all of the CVRF except for BMI.
**Statistically different from No Snacks, bolded results indicate significant findings using Bonferroni correction p ≤ 0.0042.
+Definition of elevated CVRF: Overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 25. Having ≥3 of the following association factors: abdominal obesity, waist circumference ≥ 102 cm (males), ≥88 cm (females); elevated blood pressure, SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥85 mmHg or antihypertensive medication use; reduced serum HDL-C, <40 mg/dL (males), <50 mg/dL (females) or medication use for reduced HDL-C; elevated serum triacylglycerides, ≥ 150 mg/dL or medication use for elevated TAG; elevated fasting plasma or serum glucose, ≥100 mg/dL or medication use for elevated glucose.
Abbreviations used: BP, Blood pressure; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAG, Triacylglycerides; WC, Waist circumference; OB, Obese; OW, Overweight; OW/OB, Overweight/obese; LCL, Lower Confidence Level; UCL, Upper Confidence Level.