Table 3.

Hazard Ratios Obtained in the Same Models as Those Shown in Table 2, Expanded by Including an Index of Work Limitations Lagged 1 Year, Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1979–1997^a

Explanatory Variableb	Unemployment Effect at the Individual Level Only: Model M1LE		Unemployment Effect at the Contextual (State) Level Only: Model M2LE		Unemployment Effects at Both the Individual Level and the Contextual (State) Level
					Model M3LE		Model M4LE
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Age, years	1.06	1.05, 1.08	1.06	1.05, 1.07	1.06	1.05, 1.08	1.06	1.05, 1.08
Female sex	0.38	0.27, 0.54	0.38	0.27, 0.54	0.38	0.27, 0.54	0.38	0.27, 0.54
Racial/ethnic minority	1.72	1.19, 2.50	1.69	1.17, 2.45	1.66	1.15, 2.40	1.66	1.14, 2.39
Married	0.48	0.34, 0.67	0.47	0.33, 0.67	0.49	0.34, 0.68	0.49	0.34, 0.69
Education
Some high school	1.13	0.76, 1.67	1.08	0.73, 1.60	1.12	0.76, 1.65	1.12	0.76, 1.64
High school diploma or more	0.84	0.56, 1.26	0.84	0.56, 1.25	0.87	0.58, 1.30	0.87	0.58, 1.30
Income, lag 1 year	0.95	0.68, 1.33	0.92	0.64, 1.33	0.94	0.67, 1.31	0.94	0.67, 1.32
Unemployed status, lag 1 year	2.16	1.32, 3.54			2.09	1.27, 3.46	2.09	1.26, 3.45
State unemployment rate
Lag 0 years			0.80	0.69, 0.93	0.80	0.69, 0.93	0.78	0.63, 0.98
Lag 1 year							1.03	0.82, 1.29
Work limitations,c lag 1 year	1.26	1.03, 1.55	1.29	1.05, 1.57	1.26	1.03, 1.55	1.26	1.03, 1.54

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^a The models included 82,143 observations and 343 deaths.

^b All specifications of variables were as shown in Table 1.

^c Categorical variable with 4 levels referring to the absence (0) or presence of some condition limiting “a lot” (3), “somewhat” (2), or “just a little” (1) the amount of work the respondent could do. The hazard ratio represents the increase in mortality risk associated with a 1-unit increase in this variable.