Table 5.
Relevant outcome measures related to changes in: physical function (significant SMD results are bolded) – outcomes are measured during walking unless otherwise noted
| Study | Activity | Outcome | No FO (mean ± SD) | Device | FO (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rome and Brown [48] |
Quiet standing |
Mean of the 300 balance points measured over 30 seconds (%) |
49.40*^ |
NA |
46.10*^ |
| Medial to lateral sway - rate of deviation from the mean balance over 30 seconds (%) |
1.90*^ |
NA |
1.30*^ |
||
| Anterior to posterior sway - rate of deviation from the mean balance over 30 seconds (%) |
4.60*^ |
NA |
4.80*^ |
||
| Otman et al. [50] |
Walking on treadmill at 1.34 m/s |
Energy cost (ml/kg/min) |
13.90* |
NA |
12.76* |
| Murley et al. [40] |
Over-ground walking (self-selected ± 5%) |
TP EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
101.91 (33.9) |
A |
89.51 (36.8) |
| B |
82.48 (31.8) |
||||
| TP EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
101.94 (30.9) |
A |
89.37 (33.6) |
||
| B |
80.01 (25.7) |
||||
| TP EMG peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) |
90.96 (28.8) |
A |
89.62 (22.2) |
||
| B |
87.34 (27.3) |
||||
| TP EMG RMS amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing)% |
89.60 (24.1) |
A |
86.92 (17.83) |
||
| B |
85.84 (23.9) |
||||
| PL EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
80.16 (35.6) |
A |
84.70 (42.1) |
||
| B |
90.48 (47.3) |
||||
| PL EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
79.44 (27.6) |
A |
84.25 (37.5) |
||
| B |
98.10 (44.6) |
||||
| PL EMG peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) |
62.71 (32.6) |
A |
67.78 (33.9) |
||
| B |
83.76 (41.9) |
||||
| PL EMG RMS amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing)% |
71.90 (39.9) |
A |
79.86 (46.0) |
||
| B |
96.07 (47.9) |
||||
| TA EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
116.32 (15.8) |
A |
113.49 (15.3) |
||
| B |
111.50 (17.4) |
||||
| TA EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% |
122.02 (19.8) |
A |
119.79 (22.0) |
||
| B |
113.00 (22.3) |
||||
| TP EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) |
10.94 (1.7) |
A |
11.37 (2.1) |
||
| B |
11.10 (2.2) |
||||
| TP EMG time of peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) |
44.95 (4.3) |
A |
44.92 (3.69) |
||
| B |
45.55 (4.1) |
||||
| PL EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) |
10.65 (3.4) |
A |
10.52 (3.5) |
||
| B |
10.23 (4.6) |
||||
| PL EMG time of peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) |
51.65 (7.0) |
A |
50.55 (7.91) |
||
| B |
50.26 (7.61) |
||||
| TA EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) |
6.63 (1.4) |
A |
6.28 (1.3) |
||
| B |
6.39 (1.4) |
||||
| Zammit and Payne [42] |
FHSQ reported at baseline and 4 weeks |
Increase in FHSQ function subscale (increase in function) |
64.94 (24.0)* |
NA |
85.32 (17.7)* |
| Murley and Bird [40] |
Over-ground walking (self-selected speed) |
PL EMG amplitude (% MVIC) |
88.00 (26.5) |
A |
98.00 (32.9) |
| B |
107.00 (35.8) |
||||
| C |
99.00 (32.6) |
||||
| TA EMG amplitude (% MVIC) |
122.00 (38.4) |
A |
123.00 (42.2) |
||
| B |
129.00 (43.1) |
||||
| C |
125.00 (30.0) |
||||
| Soleus EMG amplitude (% MVIC) |
256.60 (89.6) |
A |
251.93 (95.7) |
||
| B |
255.70 (94.5) |
||||
| C |
260.92 (98.4) |
||||
| Chen et al. [39] | Over-ground walking (1.09 ± 0.11 m/s) | Velocity (cm/s) |
108.57 (11.3) |
NA |
109.39 (11.1) |
| Cadence (steps/min) |
103.98 (6.8) |
NA |
104.73 (5.8) |
||
| Step width(cm) |
15.44 (5.2) |
NA |
15.44 (5.0) |
||
| Step length(cm) |
63.09 (4.9) |
NA |
61.81 (4.4) |
||
| Stance time (%) | 63.72 (1.7) | NA | 63.93 (1.9) |
FO – foot orthoses, EMG – electromyography, TP – tibialis posterior, PL – peroneus longus, TA – tibialis anterior, RMS – root mean square, MVIC – maximum voluntary isometric contraction, FHSQ – foot health status questionnaire, NA – not applicable, N/A – not available, *No FO condition was prior to orthoses dispense, the FO condition was following four weeks of orthoses use, ^ Median results and significance tabled as per original article– means and standard deviations unavailable.