Table 6.
Outcomes and device review categories of FOs where statistically significant SMDs were observed^ (in descending effect size) (during walking unless otherwise noted)
| Study | Level of evidence | SMD | 95% CI | Domain | Specific outcome | Device | Difference in mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Otman et al. [50] |
III |
-4.11 |
-5.24 to -2.98 |
Physical function |
↓ energy cost at 1.34 m/s, 0 incline (ml.kg.min-1) |
NA |
1.14 |
| Redmond et al. [44] |
IV |
1.13 |
0.49 to 1.77 |
Kinetics |
↑ force-time integral (midfoot) (N/s) |
A |
284.60 |
| Mündermann et al. [47] |
IV |
-0.94* |
-1.58 to -0.30 |
Kinetics |
↓ peak loading rate (N/s)* |
A |
10.50 |
| Zammit and Payne [42] |
IV |
-0.93 |
-1.55 to -0.30 |
Pain |
↓ FHSQ pain subscale following 4 weeks of use (%) |
NA |
21.00 |
| Mündermann et al. [47] |
IV |
-0.90* |
-1.54 to -0.26 |
Rearfoot kinematics |
↓ peak foot eversion (°) * |
C |
2.30 |
| Hurd et al. [51] |
IV |
-0.78* |
-1.52 to -0.03 |
Kinetics |
↓ peak RF eversion moments (Nm.kg-1) * |
A |
0.52 |
| Mündermann et al. [47] |
IV |
-0.75 |
-1.38 to -0.13 |
Kinetics |
↓ peak ankle inversion moment (Nm)* |
C |
6.00 |
| Murley et al. [40] |
IV |
-0.76 |
-1.29 to -0.24 |
Physical function |
↓ TP EMG RMS amplitude (initial) (%) |
B |
21.93 |
| Zammit and Payne [42] |
IV |
-0.76 |
-1.37 to -0.14 |
Physical function |
↓ FHSQ function subscale following 4 weeks of use (%) |
NA |
20.40 |
| Johanson et al. [49] |
IV |
-0.72 |
-1.33 to -0.11 |
Rearfoot kinematics |
↓ peak RF eversion (°) |
A |
2.15 |
| Mündermann et al. [47] |
IV |
-0.68 |
-1.30 to -0.06 |
Kinetics |
↓ peak loading rate (N/s)* |
B |
7.70 |
| Redmond et al. [44] |
IV |
-0.65 |
-1.26 to -0.04 |
Kinetics |
↓ force-time integral (lateral FF) (N/s) |
A |
337.80 |
| -0.65 |
-1.25 to -0.04 |
Kinetics |
↓ force-time integral (medial FF) (N/s) |
A |
128.20 |
||
| 0.63 |
0.02 to 1.24 |
Kinetics |
↑ force at midfoot (N) |
A |
38.90 |
||
| Murley et al. [40] |
IV |
-0.58 |
-1.10 to -0.07 |
Physical function |
↓ TP EMG peak amplitude (initial) (%) |
B |
19.43 |
| Murley et al. [40] |
IV |
-0.55 |
-1.07 to -0.04 |
Physical function |
↑ PL EMG peak amplitude (midstance +) (%) |
B |
21.05 |
| Murley et al. [40] | IV | -0.54 | -1.06 to -0.03 | Physical function | ↑ PL EMG RMS amplitude (midstance +) (%) | B | 18.66 |
SMD values to the negative favour the FO condition over the no-FO condition.
FO – foot orthoses, RF – rearfoot, EMG – electromyography, TP – tibialis posterior, PL – peroneus longus, RMS – root mean square, FHSQ – foot health status questionnaire, NA – not applicable, *outcomes observed during running. ^Rome and Brown [48] SMDs unavailable.