Table 1.
Clinical and demographic parameters of patients with different DR stages
| Variable | No DM | DM without DR | DM with NPDR | DM with PPDR | DM with PDR | DM with NG | Significance test (P value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of operated eyes (n) | 27 | 13 | 61 | 62 | 27 | 17 | |
| Patients’ age in group (years)a | 71 (65; 77) | 59 (52; 62) | 68 (59; 74) | 69 (57; 73) | 68 (61; 70) | 60 (53; 65) | 0.0081 |
| Duration of DM (yearsa) | – | 6 (5; 22) | 11 (8; 17) | 17.5 (12; 22) | 16 (14; 21) | 12.5 (6.5; 20.5) | 0.021 |
| HbAa1C (%) | – | 6.3 (5.9; 7.0) | 8.1 (7.4; 9.6) | 7.6 (6.8; 8.6) | 8.0 (7.4; 8.8) | 7.8 (7.4; 8.9) | 0.0016* |
| Visual acuity before surgeryb | 0.24 (0.13; 0.36) | 0.33 (0.14; 0.52) | 0.24 (0.17; 0.32) | 0.18 (0.12; 0.24) | 0.29 (0.13; 0.44) | <0.01 | 0.31** |
| History of RLCc | 0 | 0 | 45.2 | 61.1 | 43.8 | – | |
| Concurrent glaucomac | 4.2 | 11.1 | 17.1 | 14.3 | 16.7 | – | – |
| Presence of comorbidities and DM complicationsc | |||||||
| Microalbuminuria/proteinuria | – | 11.1 | 22 | 45.2 | 77.8 | 56.3 | – |
| Hypertension | 16.7 | 55.6 | 85.4 | 97.7 | 100 | 100 | – |
| Cardiac failure | 8.7 | 22.2 | 26.8 | 30 | 38.9 | 25 | – |
| GFR (mL/min; Cockcroft–Gault formula) | 81.8 (62.1; 92.0) | 73.3 (63.4; 80.3) | 79.2 (61.9; 105.1) | 56 (43.2; 81.0) | 63.8 (54.7; 81.5) | 55.4 (32.6; 70.3) | 0.0316* |
| Analysis of ACLa | |||||||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 2.45 (2.07; 2.91) | 3.08 (2.9; 3.26) | 3.14 (2.14; 3.79) | 3.03 (2.57; 4.71) | 4.51 (3.27; 6.32) | 4.85 (4.6; 5.9) | 0.027* |
| VEGF-A (pg/mL) | 95.07 (60.92; 129.22) | 22.75 (10.78; 63.36) | 52.5 (44.52; 88.95) | 75.84 (71.7; 123.58) | 336.6 (232.3; 410.74) | 1,634.01 (610.69; 2,657.33) | <0.001*** |
ACL anterior chamber liquid, DM diabetes mellitus, DR diabetic retinopathy, NPDR non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PPDR pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy, NG neovascular glaucoma, VEGF-A vascular endothelial growth factor A, NG neovascular glaucoma, HbA 1C glycated hemoglobin, RLC retinal laser coagulation, GFR glomerular filtration rate
* Comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test between groups of DM patients only
** Comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test between groups of patients with DM and without DM operated for cataract
*** Comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis test between all groups of patients
aData are presented as median (25th percentile; 75th percentile)
bData are presented as median (95% CI)
cData are presented as weight percentage in group (%)