Table 4. Results for rated low-middle income countries; growth in real GDP (local currency units).

	Fixed effects (1)	Country time trend (2)	Long difference (3)
ln(lights/area)	0.308*** [0.037]	0.270*** [0.043]	0.329*** [0.046]
Constant	n/a	n/a	0.365*** [0.028]
Observations	1953	1953	113
Number of isonv10	118	118	113
(Within-country) R-sq	0.780	0.903	0.301
Country fixed effects	Yes	Yes	No
Year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	No
Country time trend	No	Yes	No
Difference in ψ for good data countries (reestimated base ψ not shown)	0.041 [0.063]	-0.013 [0.063]	0.095 [0.092]
Heteroskedasticity:
Breusch-Pagan p-value	<0.00005	<0.00005	0.0396
Regression of squared residuals:
Good data dummy	−0.0055*** [0.0017]	−0.0017* [0.0010]	−0.029 [0.018]

Robust standard errors in brackets

^***p<0.01

** p<0.05

^*p<0.1

In column 3, long differences are formed by averaging the first and last two years of levels data