Abstract
TCAP encoded telethonin is a 19 kDa protein, which plays an important role in anchoring titin in Z disc of the sarcomere, and is known to cause LGMD2G, a rare muscle disorder characterised by proximal and distal lower limb weakness, calf hypertrophy and loss of ambulation. A total of 300 individuals with ARLGMD were recruited for this study. Among these we identified 8 clinically well characterised LGMD2G cases from 7 unrelated Dravidian families. Clinical examination revealed predominantly proximo - distal form of weakness, scapular winging, muscle atrophy, calf hypertrophy and foot drop, immunoblot showed either complete absence or severe reduction of telethonin. Genetic analysis revealed a novel nonsense homozygous mutation c.32C>A, p.(Ser11*) in three patients of a consanguineous family and an 8 bp homozygous duplication c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG, p.(Arg12fs31*) in another patient. Both mutations possibly lead to truncated protein or nonsense mediated decay. We could not find any functionally significant TCAP mutation in the remaining 6 samples, except for two other polymorphisms, c.453A>C, p.( = ) and c.-178G>T, which were found in cases and controls. This is the first report from India to demonstrate TCAP association with LGMD2G.
Introduction
The seventh form of Autosomal Recessive Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD2G; OMIM 601954) is caused by genetic variations in the telethonin gene (also named as TCAP or titin-cap gene) (NM_003673.3). LGMD2G has been mapped to chromosome 17q12 [1]. LGMD2G was first described from Brazil [2]; subsequently it was reported from China [3], Moldavia [4], and Portugal [5]. Onset of this disease is usually in the second decade, with predominant pelvic girdle weakness and associated distal weakness with foot drop [2]. About50% of the cases are known to have calf hypertrophy and 40% are known to lose independent ambulation during the third or fourth decade [1].
Telethonin is amongst the most abundant nuclear mRNA transcribed in skeletal muscle and encodes for a 19 kDa protein consisting of 167 amino acids [6]. The protein is located in the Z-disc of sacromere, the basic functional contractile unit in the skeletal and cardiac muscles [6], [7], [8]. Telethonin plays an important role in the sarcomeric assembly as it joins the two antiparallel titin (Z1-Z2) domains together through beta strand crossing and represents the strongest protein–protein interaction observed so far [9], . Telethonin is also known for its interaction with other Z-disc proteins of sarcomeric assembly such as LIM protein (MLP) [13], Ankrd2 [14], myostatin [15], potassium channel B-subunit minK [16], protein kinase D [17], murine double minute2 (MDM2) [18],and calsarcin [19]. Thus, TCAP is expected to play a very important role in the sarcomeric assembly.
It has been demonstrated that the TCAP knockout mouse resulted in a modest increase in passive muscle stiffness and shared many of the features of LGMD 2G phenotype [20]. Looking at the functional importance of telethonin in muscles, we have analysed TCAP in eight patients of Dravidian origin (south-India) in order to identify TCAP mutations in LGMD2G.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC) of Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. The subject recruitment and sample collection were done after obtaining written informed consent/assent forms from all participants. In this prospective study (February 2010 to September 2012) a total of 300 patients with features of ARLGMD were prospectively evaluated by the principal investigator (AN) at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences. Of these 300 cases, 246 patients were confirmed to have various forms of ARLGMD based on characteristic clinical phenotype, biochemical and histopathological analysis. IB was performed sequentially based on the IHC results to confirm the type of ARLGMD.
Sequence analysis of TCAP gene was undertaken in the eight cases which were found to be LGMD2G based on immunoblotting. All patients hailed from South India and shared the ethnic origin (Dravidian linguistic group). Family members, wherever available, were included in the analysis. Among these 7 families, one (F50) had two more affected siblings. Family (F111) also had one affected sibling (F111-2), who was available for clinical examination and genetic analysis, but muscle biopsy was not done. In total, we have studied 8 patients and 49 related family members. The inclusion criteria for the index cases were: clinical phenotype consistent with LGMD2G, elevated creatine kinase (CK) level, and loss or severe reduction of telethonin expression in IB studies. One hundred and sixty seven control samples, after ruling out muscular dystrophy or family history of muscular dystrophy, were recruited for comparison purpose.
Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Muscle biopsy
Open biopsy from the quadriceps femoris or biceps brachii muscle was performed in 280 patients. Samples were flash frozen in isopentane chilled in liquid nitrogen. Serial frozen sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), modified gomoritrichome (MGT), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH-TR), succinic dehydrogenase–cytochrome C oxidase (SDH-COX), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase pH 9.4,4.6).
Antibodies
IHC staining was carried out on fresh frozen sections using monoclonal antibodies against dystrophin (1,2,3), sarcoglycans (α,β,δ,γ), dysferlin, caveolin-3, titin, merosin (α2 laminin) (Novocastra Laboratories, Newcastle, UK) and α- dystroglycan (Santacruz Biotechnology, Santacruz, CA, USA) as primary and HRP tagged NOVO linked as secondary antibody (Novocastra Laboratories, Newcastle, UK).
Preparation of protein extracts, SDS-PAGE and immunoblot
Frozen muscle tissue (20 mg) was minced in 20 volumes of extraction buffer (75 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 15% SDS, 20% glycerol, 5% dithiothreitol and 0.001% bromophenol blue), homogenized and sonicated for 30 seconds (6 x 5s).The extract was boiled at 95°C for 5 minutesfollowed by centrifugation at 12000 rpm for 10 minutes. 10 µl of the supernatant was subjected to size fractionation using 15% SDS-PAGE followed by western blot using anti-Telethonin antibody (monoclonal antibody G-11, Santacruz Biotech) [21]. For myosin profile (loading control), protein extracts were run on 6% SDS-PAGE and stained with coomassie brilliant blue. To avoid artifactual protein degradation, which might reduce telethonin signal, precaution was taken to preserve the integrity of the biopsies and to maintain optimal protein loading and gel transfer conditions.
Muscle MR Imaging
Muscle MRI was performed as a multi-sequence imaging protocol using a 1.5-T scanner (Magnetom, AERA, Siemens). Sections were obtained from axial planes including a T1-weighted spin-echo sequence (repetition time –918 msec, echo time 9.7 msec) and a short-time inversion recovery (STIR) sequence (repetition time 4020 msec, echo time 99 msec, inversion time 150 msec), in 10-mm slices. Involvement of all thigh and lower leg muscles was staged according to the intensity of the increased signals depicting fatty infiltration and STIR sequences for myoedema. Images were analyzed for signs of muscle degeneration, edema and normal/abnormal muscle bulk (hypertrophy, atrophy). Muscles evaluated on MRI: At pelvis: gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, piriformis, iliopsoas; Thighs: vastusmedialis, intermedius and lateralis, gracilis, sartorius, adductor muscles, tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris; Lower legs: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, peroneii, soleus, popliteus, extensor digitorum longus, medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior. The fibro-fatty replacement was evaluated on T1sequences by applying Mercuri score [22]; and myoedema was evaluated on STIR sequences by using a specific new oedema score [23].
Genetic analysis of TCAP
About 5.0 ml of peripheral blood sample from each participant was collected in EDTA vacutainers. DNA was isolated according to the protocol described in our earlier study [24]. The coding region, including exon-intron boundaries and the UTR regions of Telethonin gene were amplified using 4 sets of primers. The sequence of primers and the conditions used for amplification are given in Table 1. PCR was performed in 0.2 ml thin-walled tubes using 50.0 ng of genomic DNA, 10 pmol of each primer, 200 µM of dNTPs, PCR buffer containing 1.5 mM MgCl2, and 2 units of AmpliTaqGold (Perkin Elmer). Amplified products were evaluated using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR products were purified by treating with exonuclease I and Shrimp alkaline phosphatase (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) at 37°C and 80°C for 15 minutes each. Sequencing of PCR products was carried out using 100.0 ng (2.0 µl) of PCR product and 4 pmol (1.0 µl) of primer (forward and reverse in separate reactions), and 4.0 µl of BigDye Terminator ready mixture (Applied Biosystem, Foster city, USA). Cycle sequencing was carried out in a GeneAmp 9600 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystem, Foster city, USA) employing the following conditions: 30 cycles at 96°C for 10 seconds, 50°C for 5 seconds, and 60°C for 4 minutes. PCR amplicons were purified using the protocol described in our earlier study [25], dissolved in 10 µl of 50% Hi-Di formamide and analyzed using ABI 3700 automated DNA analyzer (Perkin Elmer). The sequences obtained were aligned with NCBI Reference Sequence: NG_008892.1 (gene)/NM_003673.3 (mRNA) using the AutoAssembler software to identify the sequence variations.
Table 1. Primer sequence used for the TCAP amplification.
| Name | Forward | Reverse | Annealing temp |
| TCAP 1F | TTCTGCTTCCCACTTTATGAAAA | AGAAGGGAGAGTGCAACCAC | 55 |
| TCAP 2F | GTGAGGGTGACTGGGGACTA | GAAATTTCTCCAGGGCTTCA | 54 |
| TCAP 3F | GAGAGCAAAGGGGAACCAC | ACCCTCCCTTTGGGAACTC | 55 |
| TCAP 4F | GCCATGGCTGCTTTGTAGT | TGGGGTGTACCCATTAGCTC | 54 |
Results
Clinical features
Based on the combined IHC and IB results, the commonest form of ARLGMD was LGMD 2B (Dysferlin) in 82/246 (33.33%); followed by 2I (FKRP) in 51/246 (20.73%), 2C-F (gamma, alpha, beta and delta sarcoglycan) in 35/246 (14.23%), 2A (calpain-3) in 25/246 (10.16%), and 2G (Telethonin) in 8/246 (3.25%). The remaining cases (45/246-18.30%) remained unclassified.
The age of onset of LGMD2G cases ranged from 5 to 40 years (mean ±SD, 12.38±11.35) and the mean age at evaluation and mean duration of illness were 22.8±14.2, (9–52 years) and 8.50±6.87 (2–23 years), respectively. Gender distribution was equal. CK value ranged from 718 to 9253 IU/L (mean ± SD, 2574.4±2847.52). The clinical features and histopathological findings of the patients are presented in Table 2. IB studies in 7 patients (Biopsy not done for F111-2) showed normal expression of dystrophin, dysferlin, calpain-3 and all four sarcoglycans with complete or partial absence of telethonin on IB (Fig 1-2). A majority of patients had the typical phenotype with predominantly a proximo - distal form of involvement, scapular winging, muscle atrophy, presence of calf hypertrophy and foot drop and slowly progressive in most cases.
Table 2. Clinical features and Muscle Histopathology findings of patients with LGMD-2G.
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Parameter/Patient ID | F36-1 | F50-1 | F79-1 | F97-1 | F111-1 | F111-2 | F149-1 | F116-1 |
| Age at presentation (Yrs) | 52 | 10 | 9 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 30 | 15 |
| Gender | F | M | F | M | F | F | M | M |
| Place of origin | AP | KA | KA | TN | KE | KE | TN | KA |
| Onset (Yrs) | 12 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 23 | 3 |
| Presenting symptom | Difficulty in running fast; waddling | Difficulty in running fast | Slow in walking | Difficulty in running fast | Toe walking | Exertion induced muscle pain | Toe walking | Toe walking |
| Hypertrophy | absent | Calves | Triceps, calves | absent | Calves | Calves | absent | Absent |
| Scapular winging | Moderate | Moderate | Mild | Absent | Severe | Moderate | Mild | Severe |
| Facial weakness | absent | present | absent | absent | absent | absent | absent | Absent |
| Contractures | Ankle | Ankle | Ankle | Ankle, Hips | Ankle | Ankle | Ankle | Ankle |
| Deltoids | 3- | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4- |
| Pectorals | 4 | 3- | 4 | 4+ | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4+ |
| Biceps brachii | 4 | 4+ | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4- |
| Triceps | 4 | 4- | 3+ | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3+ |
| Distal UL | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Glut. Medius | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Hip adductors | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Iliopsoas | 3- | 3 | 2 | 3+ | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3- |
| Glut maximus | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3+ | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Quadriceps | 3- | 4 | 4+ | 3+ | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3- |
| Hamstrings | 1 | 3+ | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3+ |
| Tibialis Anterior | 5 | 3+ | 4+ | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4+ | 4 |
| Gastrocnemius | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3+ | 4+ | 5 |
| CK (IU/L) | 1057 | 3729 | 1325 | 1583 | 719 | 9283 | 1281 | 1649 |
| MDFRS Scoring | 90 | 101 | 93 | 116 | 67 | 80 | 72 | 99 |
| Disability | Dependent | Independent | Independent | Independent | Dependent | Independent | Dependent | Dependent |
Yrs-Years; F-Female; M-Male; KA-Karnataka; TN-Tamilnadu; AP-Andhra Pradesh; EDB-Extensor digitorumbrevis; TA-Tibialis anterior; CK-Creatine kinase; MDFRS-Muscular dystrophy functional rating scale; Note: Biopsy was not done for patient F111-2 (sibling of patient F111-1).
Figure 1. Transversely cut skeletal muscle tissue stained for Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) shows variation in fiber diameter clusters of basophilic regenerating fibers and myophagocytosis.
Immunolabeling to antibodies against dystrophin (dys1,dys2,dys3) sarcoglycans (alpha-A, beta-B, delta-D, gamma-G, merosin, dysferlin (DYSF), caveolin, beta dystroglycan (B-DG), alpha dystroglycan (A-DG) shows uniform labeling along the sarcolemma and positive sarcoplasmic labeling to titin. X400
Figure 2. Western blot analysis of telethonin protein in muscle biopsies of control and telethoninopathy patients.
A. Telethonin western Blot: Lane C corresponds to non-dystrophic positive control which shows telethonin band at 19 kDa. Lanes 1–7 corresponding to the Telethoninopathy patient samples, shows complete absence of the telethonin band. B. Coomassie stained SDS PAGE (15%) profile of total muscle extract from the samples.
Muscle MRI findings
MRI findings of the patient, 97-1 (Fig 3), revealed: At Pelvis: gluteus maximus showed stage 2b fatty infiltration and iliopsoas showed stage 2a involvement. Rectus femorus was atrophied; At thighs: global atrophy of muscles of all three compartments. Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus and short head of biceps were spared and also hypertrophied. In the anterior compartment vastus, intermedius showed severe atrophy. Myoedema was mainly seen in the anterior compartment and more on the left side. In the posterior compartment, stage 2b myoedema was seen only on the left side; At legs: Atrophy of tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus was noted. Medial head of gastrocnemius was hypertrophied. Soleus appeared to be atrophied on left side and preserved on right side. Myoedema was noted only in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. MRI staging of the affected individual muscles are listed in table 3.
Figure 3. Muscle MRI of patient F97-1.
A. T1W image showing global atrophy of muscles of anterior compartment, medial compartment and posterior compartment of thigh. Biceps femoris long head shows stage 3 fatty infiltration. Short head of biceps femoris, sartorius and gracilis are hypertrophied; B. shows severely atrophied vastus intermedius muscle, Mercurie stage 2b infiltration of vastus medialis muscle. Short head of biceps femoris, sartorius and gracilis are hypertrophied; C. Tibilialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus are atrophied (right more than left). On right side the medial head of gastrocnemius is hypertrophied and lateral head is atrophied. Left soleus is atrophied. Mild fatty infiltration of soleus muscle is noted in left side. Striking asymmetry is present; D. STIR image of thigh shows asymmetrical myoedema pattern. On the right side there is stage 3a myoedema and on the left side it is stage 2a. There is stage 2b myodema noted in the posterior compartment on left side; E. Myoedema mainly seen in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle. Stage 2b on right side and stage 2a on left side.
Table 3. MRI staging of the individual muscles of lower limb for presence of fatty infiltration and myoedema.
| Muscle | Mercurie staging | Myoedema staging | Atrophy | Hypertrophy | ||||
| Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | |
| Gluteus maximus | 2b | 2b | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Iliopsoas | 2a | 2a | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Tensor facia lata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No | No | ||
| Vastuslateralis | 0 | 0 | 3a | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Vastusintermedius | 1 | 1 | 3a | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Vastusmedialis | 2b | 2b | 2a | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Rectus femoris | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Sartorius | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Gracilis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Semimembranous | 2b | 2b | 0 | 2b | Yes | Yes | ||
| Semitendinosus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2b | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Biceps long head | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Biceps short head | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2b | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Adductor brevis | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Adductor longus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Adductor magnus | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Tibialis anterior | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Tibialis posterior | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Peroneus longus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | No | No | ||
| Soleus | 0 | 1 | 2b | 2a | Yes | Yes | ||
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 0 | 0 | 2b | 2a | No | No | Yes | No |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 0 | 0 | 2b | 2a | Yes | Yes | ||
| Extensor digitorumlongus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Extensor hallucislongus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Yes | Yes | ||
| Flexor digitorumlongus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | yes | yes | ||
| Flexor hallucislongus | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | yes | |||
Sequence analysis
The TCAP gene was analysed in ten patients (including two affected siblings from family F50), belonging to seven unrelated families. We have identified four different mutations that included; one novel and three reported variations (www.dmd.nl). Mutation numbering was based on TCAP cDNA with sequence position 1 being the A in the first ATG codon. The novel mutation (c.32C>A) (Fig 4C) is a nonsense substitution in the first exon, which introduces a stop codon (TCG to TAG) in three patients (homozygous mutant) of a consanguineous family (F50) (Table 4). All the unaffected family members were either heterozygous or homozygous for the alternate allele (Fig 4A). None of the control samples had this mutation.
Figure 4. Mutational analysis of TCAP gene.
A&B. Pedigree of F50 & F97 families respectively and the arrow indicates the proband; C. Electrophorogram representing heterozygous, homozygous and wild type c.32C>A mutation from family F50; Arrow indicates the polymorphic site; D. IB representing absence of telethonin band in F50-1 and F97-1; (E). Represents myosin bands of F50-1 and F97-1; (F). Electrophorogram representing homozygous, heterozygous and wild type c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG mutation in family F97.
Table 4. Description of genetic analysis of TCAP gene.
| Patient ID | Nucleotide change | Protein change | State |
| F36-1 | c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F50-1 | * c.32C>A | p.(Ser11 * ) | Homozygous |
| c.-178G>T | NA | Heterozygous | |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Heterozygous | |
| F50-8 | * c.32C>A | p.(Ser 11 * ) | Homozygous |
| c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous | |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F50-9 | * c.32C>A | p.(Ser 11 * ) | Homozygous |
| c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous | |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F79-1 | c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F97-1 | c.26 -33 Dup | p. (Arg12fs31*) | Homozygous |
| c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous | |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F111-1 | c.-178G>T | NA | Heterozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Heterozygous | |
| F111-2 | c.-178G>T | NA | Heterozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Heterozygous | |
| F149-1 | c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous | |
| F116-1 | c.-178G>T | NA | Homozygous |
| c.453A>C | p.( = ) | Homozygous |
*Novel mutation.
The second variation is an eight base pair duplication in the first exon (c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG), (Fig 4F) which leads to an amino acid change from 12th codon and terminates at 31stcodon, resulting in the formation of a truncated protein in one of the patients (F97-1) (Table 4). Both the parents, two brothers, and the grandfather were found to be heterozygous for this duplication and were unaffected (Fig 4B). This mutation was not found in the control samples. Two other mutations; c.453A>C; p.( = ) in exon2and c.-178G>T of the 5′ UTR region; were polymorphic and found in all the patients, their relatives, and control samples.
Discussion
For the first time in India, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of LGMD2G, a rare muscle disease caused by telethonin protein deficiency encoded by the TCAP gene. The clinical manifestations in all our patients was classical, with a phenotype consisting of mild to moderate limb girdle muscle weakness, significant thigh and anterior leg atrophy with weakness, mild scapular winging and calf hypertrophy. The mutational analysis revealed one novel and three reported substitutions.
The c.32C>A, p.(Ser11*) mutation is a novel, nonsense change and exists in the N-terminal region of the gene. Serine in the codon 11 was replaced by premature translational termination codon and it may lead to nonsense mediated decay or truncated protein. This mutation was found in a patient born to consanguineous parents (F50-1). The proband was a 10 year old boy and was the ninth child born to a first cousins marriage. He presented with exertion induced calf muscle pains and progressive toe walking from eight years of age, progressive pectoral girdle, arm and lower limb proximal muscle wasting with weakness, scapular winging and mild foot drop. There was significant global wasting of the thigh and anterior leg muscles with hypertrophied calves and tip toe walking. Biceps muscle biopsy revealed a dystrophic changes. He had two sisters (F50-8 and F50-9) with similar phenotype, both of who had this mutation in the homozygous condition (Fig 4A). The case F50-8, aged 25 years, attained wheelchair bound state at 21 years of age and the case F50-9 is ambulant at 17 years of age. All three affected individuals of a family had the same mutation, were affected by eight years of age and showed similar phenotype. The father, one sister, one brother, one paternal uncle, and a maternal aunt were heterozygous for this mutation and were unaffected. The other unaffected brother, sister, and maternal uncle did not have the mutation (Fig 4A). This clearly shows the recessive pattern of the disease and pathogenicity associated with the mutation c.32C>A.
Frame shift variation c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG, (eight base pair duplication) in the first exon observed in a 21 year old proband (Fig 5) leads to an amino acid change from 12th codon and terminates the reaction at 31st codon, p.(Arg12fs31*). This may result in a truncated protein or nonsense mediated decay. The c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG has been reported in three unrelated Chinese families [26] and ours is the fourth family from Asia, but the first from India. This mutation is consistent with previous reports [3], [26] confirming that homozygous individuals have the typical LGMD2G phenotype. This patient (F97-1) presented with motor disabilities since early childhood with inability to run fast. By the age of 10 he had progressive generalized wasting and lower limb proximal muscle weakness. He was slender built, had moderate scapular winging, mild calf hypertrophy and contractures at the hips and ankles (Fig 5). There was MRC grade 4- weakness of the gluteus maximus, iliopsoas, quadriceps and hamstrings with mild asymmetry. Foot dorsiflexors were grade 3+ and other groups had normal power with elevated CK level and normal ECG and 2D ECHO. EMG was myopathic, nerve conductions were normal, pulmonary function tests showed moderate restrictive abnormality, and biceps muscle biopsy revealed dystrophic features. Parents, two brothers, and the grandfather were found to be heterozygous and unaffected.
Figure 5. Clinical phenotype of patient F97-1.
A. Slender habitus, B. Generalised poor muscle mass, global wasting of thigh muscles, C. moderate scapular winging, D. mild clf hypertrophy with minimal ankle contracture.
Both, c.32C>A and c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG, mutations lead to truncation of the telethonin protein. Interestingly, all of the mutations reported (p.Gln35*, g.637–640del2, p.Trp25*, c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG), so far, in the TCAP gene in LGMD2G have been either nonsense or frame shift variation, which either gives rise to a truncated protein or terminates protein synthesis [2], [4], [27], [28]. To this list, we are adding a novel nonsense mutation.
Out of the eight patients studied, few had significant degree of toe walking from the onset of illness and this feature has been described earlier. [4]. In the previous reports, the onset of illness ranged between 2–15 years of age, with muscle weakness in all limbs, calf hypertrophy, and marked weakness of distal anterior leg muscles [29], [30]. Our patients also had similar age of onset and a comparable pattern of muscle involvement. Even though it is reported that TCAP is necessary for the cardiomyocyte's stretch sensor and the structural organization of the cardiac sarcomere [31], [32], [33], none of our cases had evidence of clinical or echocardiographic evidence of cardiac dysfunction at the time of clinical evaluation. Muscle biopsy has been reported to show dystrophic features with or without rimmed vacuoles [4], [27]. In our study, rimmed vacuoles were not noted in any case.
Certain muscle MRI findings observed in one of our proband's (case- 97-1) were comparable to those reported in a previous report [5]. Clinical examination revealed marked global atrophy of thigh muscles and atrophy of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg. MRI showed a comparable pattern with atrophy of muscles in all three compartments of the thigh and anterior leg muscles. Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus, short head of biceps and medial head of gastrocnemius were spared and also hypertrophied. Anterior tibialis, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles showed prominent atrophy. The gastrocnemius muscles were slightly atrophic. Symmetry was noted in all the features. Only one previous report on a 50 year old Portuguese patient, describes the MRI findings of the muscles of the thighs and legs [5]. Myoedema was observed in anterior thigh and posterior leg muscles, which were relatively less affected. These features are unique and have not been reported so far. The Portuguese patient had demonstrated a homozygous nonsense c.157C>T (p.Gln53*) mutation in exon 2 of the TCAP gene, as described among Brazilian patients [1]. We have identified a 8 bp duplication c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG, which is reported among Chinese patients [26].Although LGMD2G may have phenotypic characteristics ofLGMD-2A, 2B, the sarcoglycanopathies and distal myopathies with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), it could be well differentiated from these disorders noting that LGMD-2A usually does not have thigh atrophy or rimmed vacuoles. LGMD-2B has predominantly posterior leg muscle weakness with calf muscle wasting, sarcoglycanopathies do not have foot drop or rimmed vacuoles, DMRV have progressive anterior leg muscle wasting and weakness with sparing of quadriceps. In comparison, in LGMD2G there is presence of significant atrophy of the thigh muscles including quadriceps and significant involvement of anterior tibialis. The predominant involvement of pelvic girdle muscles with calf hypertrophy observed in LGMD2G resembles the phenotype of some LGMD-2I. However, in 2G patients the thigh muscles are severely affected along with tibialis anterior weakness and wasting [29], [30]. Thus, patients in the present series had the typical phenotypes described in LGMD2G and the genetic analysis confirms the same in two cases.
It has been reported that at least 25% of families and 40% of the isolated cases have no detectable mutation in any of the reported LGMD genes [34]. In agreement to this, we did not find any genetic variation in the telethonin gene in the remaining six IB confirmed cases. However, all of them showed partial or complete absence of telethonin on IB. This may be due to the secondary reduction of TCAP protein by some other Z-disk gene and probably involves a combination of genetic factors, since no protein in the Z-disc can be considered as an island separated from the others [35]. Many human diseases however, can be expected to be genetically heterogeneous caused by any one of several genes. The autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophies represent a heterogeneous group of diseases which may be characterised by one or more autosomal loci. Further investigations may help in identification of additional genes responsible for LGMD2G.
In conclusion, we report LGMD2G cases for the first time from India. In this study, among the eight Indian LGMD2G patients, we found two telethonin mutations which include a novel c.32C>A mutation and a reported c.26_33dupAGGTGTCG duplication; both may be responsible for the formation of a truncated protein or nonsense mediated decay. Further investigation is needed to find the unknown factor for the telethonin deficiency in the remaining six cases.
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to the patients for their participation in the study.
Data Availability
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. The mutations found in this study are submitted to the DMD Leiden muscular dystrophy page (www.dmd.nl) and are publicly available. Submitter ID -00419; Patient data (#0032866); Patient data (#0032865).
Funding Statement
This study was funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST) Government of India (F.No. SR/SO/HS-16/2009) and KT was supported by CSIR Network project - GENESIS (BSC0121), Government of India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. The mutations found in this study are submitted to the DMD Leiden muscular dystrophy page (www.dmd.nl) and are publicly available. Submitter ID -00419; Patient data (#0032866); Patient data (#0032865).