Table 1.
Maternal and Caregiver Characteristics
| PCE (n=189)
|
NCE (n=182)
|
P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | ||
| Biological maternal | |||||
| Mother’s age at birth | 29.65 | 4.98 | 25.47 | 4.73 | <.0001 |
| Education, years | 11.53 | 1.65 | 11.95 | 1.39 | .01 |
| Married, n (%) | 14 | 7.41 | 29 | 15.93 | .01 |
| Parity | 3.50 | 1.88 | 2.74 | 1.86 | .0001 |
| Number of prenatal visits | 5.27 | 4.62 | 8.69 | 4.92 | <.0001 |
| PPVT-R Standard Score | 73.34 | 14.19 | 77.76 | 14.71 | .004 |
| WAIS-R Block Design Scaled Score | 6.88 | 2.09 | 7.17 | 2.08 | .19 |
| WAIS-R Picture Completion Scaled Score | 6.71 | 2.15 | 6.97 | 2.36 | .28 |
| BSI Global Severity Index | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 0.53 | <.0001 |
| Low SES, n (%) | 184 | 97.87 | 178 | 97.80 | .96 |
| African-American, n (%) | 156 | 82.54 | 148 | 81.32 | .76 |
| Substance use during pregnancy a | N (%) | M (SD) | N (%) | M (SD) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco, cigarettes per day | 160 (87.43) | 11.61 (11.20) | 70 (40.23) | 3.90 (7.18) | <.0001 |
| Month prior | 157 (85.33) | 13.41 (12.43) | 66 (37.93) | 5.36 (9.66) | <.0001 |
| 1st trimester | 155 (84.24) | 12.61 (12.44) | 57 (32.76) | 4.02 (7.88) | <.0001 |
| 2nd trimester | 147 (79.89) | 10.69 (11.72) | 48 (27.59) | 3.20 (6.97) | <.0001 |
| 3rd trimester | 140 (76.09) | 9.49 (11.20) | 49 (28.16) | 3.03 (5.99) | <.0001 |
| Alcohol, drinks per week | 148 (80.87) | 9.81 (17.52) | 75 (43.10) | 1.37 (4.60) | <.0001 |
| Month prior | 128 (69.95) | 12.87 (22.54) | 64 (36.78) | 2.53 (7.81) | <.0001 |
| 1st trimester | 117 (63.93) | 12.09 (23.71) | 35 (20.11) | 1.28 (3.86) | <.0001 |
| 2nd trimester | 89 (48.63) | 8.02 (19.68) | 18 (10.40) | 0.57 (3.03) | <.0001 |
| 3rd trimester | 90 (49.18) | 6.27 (17.07) | 22 (12.64) | 1.11 (7.87) | <.0001 |
| Marijuana, joints per week | 78 (42.62) | 1.33 (3.46) | 16 (9.20) | 0.60 (3.52) | <.0001 |
| Month prior | 61 (33.70) | 1.61 (3.80) | 16 (9.20) | 1.55 (10.10) | .0003 |
| 1st trimester | 50 (27.78) | 1.48 (4.06) | 10 (5.75) | 0.58 (3.78) | <.0001 |
| 2nd trimester | 35 (19.23) | 1.29 (4.26) | 4 (2.30) | 0.19 (1.71) | <.0001 |
| 3rd trimester | 32 (17.68) | 0.97 (3.83) | 4 (2.30) | 0.09 (0.76) | .0002 |
| Cocaine, units per week | 189 (100) | 22.55 (37.88) | --- | --- | --- |
| Month prior | 156 (82.54) | 30.06 (57.77) | --- | --- | --- |
| 1st trimester | 150 (79.37) | 31.94 (64.68) | --- | --- | --- |
| 2nd trimester | 128 (67.72) | 24.55 (62.73) | --- | --- | --- |
| 3rd trimester | 138 (73.02) | 12.32 (27.34) | --- | --- | --- |
| Caregiver at age 12 | M | SD | M | SD | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education, years | 12.13 | 2.26 | 12.80 | 1.93 | .003 |
| PPVT-III Standard Score | 79.33 | 14.66 | 79.57 | 15.68 | .88 |
| WAIS-R Block Design Scaled Score | 7.09 | 2.13 | 7.33 | 1.98 | .28 |
| WAIS-R Picture Completion Scaled Score | 7.45 | 2.64 | 7.17 | 2.33 | .29 |
| BSI Global Severity Index | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.49 | .77 |
| Amount of substance use in the past 30 daysb | |||||
| Tobacco, cigarettes per day | 5.34 | 7.53 | 3.77 | 6.66 | .01 |
| Alcohol, dose per week | 1.54 | 4.75 | 1.73 | 5.50 | .97 |
| Marijuana, dose per week | 0.86 | 7.01 | 0.10 | 1.07 | .16 |
| HOME environment | 47.84 | 7.00 | 49.04 | 6.21 | .08 |
PPVT= Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, PPVT-R (Revised) used at birth; PPVT-III (Third edition) was used at 6 and later years; WAIS-R = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; BSI=Brief Symptom Inventory; WISC-IV= Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fourth Edition.
a
Data were normalized using a log transformation; p-value based on M(SD).
b
All caregivers reported no use of cocaine in the past 30 days.