Table 4.
Comparisons of Key Characteristics and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes by Cocaine Status and Placement at Age 12
| PCE | NCE | F/χ2 | p | Pair-wise difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Group 1: Biological/relative (n=145) | Group 2: non-kinship adoptive/foster (n=44) | Group 3 (n=182) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
| PCE, units per week | 20.97 (36.08) | 27.75 (43.35) | --- | 1.45 | .23 | |
| WISC-IV Full Scale IQ at age 11 | 84.92 (11.94) | 83.98 (11.39) | 86.41 (14.70) | 0.85 | .43 | |
| Key covariates | ||||||
| Birth maternal age | 29.43 (5.05) | 30.39 (4.69) | 25.47 (4.73) | 35.11 | < .0001 | 3≠1,2 |
| Biological mother’s GSI | 0.82 (0.77) | 0.86 (0.66) | 0.50 (0.53) | 13.45 | < .0001 | 3≠1,2 |
| Prenatal alcohol exposure, average | 8.77 (15.01) | 13.32 (24.03) | 1.37 (4.60) | 57.09 | < .0001 | 3≠1,2 |
| Prenatal cigarette exposure, average, | 10.82 (10.42) | 14.28 (13.29) | 3.90 (7.18) | 58.22 | < .0001 | 3≠1,2 |
| Prenatal marijuana exposure, 3rd trimester | 0.84 (3.59) | 1.42 (4.55) | 0.09 (0.76) | 7.29 | .0008 | 3≠1,2 |
| HOME scorea | 46.93 (6.90) | 50.86 (6.32) | 49.04 (6.21) | 7.66 | .0005 | 1≠2,3 |
| Caregiver PPVT-III standard scorea | 76.47 (13.36) | 90.66 (14.26) | 79.57 (15.68) | 12.70 | < .0001 | 2≠1,3 |
| Caregiver Educationa | 11.72 (2.05) | 13.51 (2.43) | 12.80 (1.93) | 17.19 | < .0001 | 1≠2,3 |
| Caregiver alcohol, dose per weeka | 1.89 (5.31) | 0.36 (1.27) | 1.73 (5.50) | 3.44 | .03 | 1≠2 |
| Caregiver tobacco, cigarettes per daya | 6.60 (7.90) | 1.00 (3.62) | 3.77 (6.66) | 20.20 | < .0001 | 1≠2, 1≠3, 2≠3 |
| Parental attachmenta | 2.09 (0.66) | 2.12 (0.75) | 2.27 (0.61) | 3.36 | .04 | 1≠3 |
| Parental monitoringa | 2.46 (0.61) | 2.29 (0.74) | 2.48 (0.59) | 1.30 | .27 | |
| Family conflicta | 3.18 (2.54) | 3.36 (2.61) | 2.60 (2.37) | 2.71 | .07 | |
| Violence exposurea | 0.66 (0.76) | 0.50 (0.78) | 0.57 (0.80) | 1.36 | .26 | |
| Lead exposureb | 7.35 (4.21) | 5.42 (3.41) | 8.02 (4.62) | 5.63 | .004 | 2≠1,3 |
| Elevated lead (≥ 10 μg/dL)b, n (%) | 25 (20.83) | 1 (3.70) | 37 (26.06) | 6.76 | .03 | 2≠3 |
| Number of placement changes up to 12 year | 1.02 (1.19) | 2.25 (2.11) | 0.38 (0.86) | 45.24 | < .0001 | 1≠2, 1≠3, 2≠3 |
| Range (5%tile – 95%tile) | 0–6 (0–3) | 1–11 (1–7) | 0–4 (0–2) | |||
| Placement change between ages 12 to 15, n (%) | 27 (18.62) | 9 (20.45) | 26 (14.29) | 1.59 | .45 | |
| Adolescent outcomes (YSR), adjusted mean (SE)c | ||||||
| Externalizing behavior | 6.24 | .002 | ||||
| 12 year | 48.99 (0.82) | 54.54 (1.65) | 47.22 (0.74) | 2≠1,3 | ||
| 15 year | 52.13 (0.92) | 54.72 (1.76) | 50.05 (0.83) | 2≠3 | ||
| Attention problems | 4.75 | .009 | ||||
| 12 year | 55.51 (0.67) | 60.16 (1.34) | 56.31 (0.60) | 2≠1,3 | ||
| 15 year | 58.83 (0.76) | 61.31 (1.43) | 57.23 (0.67) | 2≠3 | ||
a
Assessed at 12 year.
b
Sub-sample of 120 PCE biological/relative, 27 PCE adoptive/foster, and 142 NCE.
c
Adjusted for the same covariates of the model from Table 3.