Table 1.

General and alcohol-specific risk factors in childhood and adolescent family, peer, and school contexts (ages 10–18)

Construct	No. of items (across ages)	Reliabilities, (across ages)	Example items
Family
General
Family management	41	.83	When you are away from home, do your parents know where you are and who you are with?
Family conflict	23	.81	Often people in my family yell at each other.
Family involvement	61	.71	On weekdays, how many meals does your family eat together each day?
Family bonding	40	.81	Would you like to be like your father/mother?
Alcohol specific
Parental drinking attitudes	18	.81	How much do you [parent] think people risk harming themselves, physically or in other ways, if they drink alcohol occasionally?
Respondent’s involvement with parents’ drinking	4	.81	Has [student] ever brought, opened, or poured a drink containing alcohol for a family member?
Parental heavy episodic drinking	8	.77	When you do drink, how often do you have as many as five or six drinks (at one time)?
Sibling drinking	4	.77	During the past year, how many of your brothers and sisters used alcohol without the permission of your parents?
Peer
General
Antisocial peers	53	.77	Have your friends done anything that could get them into trouble with the police?
Antisocial opportunities	28	.81	Have you ever been invited to join a gang?
Alcohol specific
Drinking peer	25	.81	Has friend #1 tried beer, wine, or distilled spirits when their parents didn’t know about it?
School
General
Bonding	36	.78	Most mornings I look forward to going to school.
Opportunities	46	.73	Even students who don’t do well in school help decide things like class activities and rules.
Involvement	20	.79	I take part in class discussions and activities
Rewards	57	.77	The school lets my parents know when I have done something well.
Alcohol specific
Perception of drinking in school	9	.79	Most people in my school think it’s ok for people my age to drink alcohol.

Note: No. = number.