Table 3.
Gap junction blockers and their effects on barrier integrity
| Chemical Modulator(s) |
Concentration | Barrier Integrity |
Other Observations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18β- glycyrrhetinic acid |
10 μM | / | No observable changes in distribution of occludin, ZO-1 and NCAM of TJ and N-cadherin and β-catenin of AJ |
Primary culture of embryonic chicken lens epithelial cells156 |
| Oleic acid and taurocholic acid |
3 mM and 4.5 mM respectively |
Decrease | / | Human colonic cell line Caco-2151 |
| 18β- glycyrrhetinic acid or oleamide |
5-20 μM or 25-100 μM respectively |
Decrease | No significant change (in terms of protein level or distribution) in Cx40, Cx43, occludin, claudin-5, JAM-A, JAM-B, JAM-C and ZO-1 |
Primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells74 |
| 18β- glycyrrhetinic acid |
20 μM | Decrease | No significant change (in terms of protein level or distribution) of claudin-1 and ZO-1 |
Rat lung endothelial cell line RLE:rtTA:CL174 |
| Octanol or 18α- glycyrrhetinic acid |
500 μM or 35 μM respectively |
/ | Reduction of monocyte/macrophage transmigration across a blood brain barrier model induced by TNFα and IFNγ |
Cocultures of human fetal astrocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cell HUVEC and freshly isolated human monocytes157 |
| Oleic acid (oleamide) or 18α-glyceric acid |
10 μM or 10 μM respectively |
/ | Decrease in enterocyte migration which is necessary for restitution of mucosal barrier |
Primary culture of mouse intestinal epithelial cells158 |