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. 2014 Jul 24;4:5805. doi: 10.1038/srep05805

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In (a), there is no clear difference between HLN-min and FNR/FNN except for pigeon G, in which case HLN-min evidently outperforms FNN/FNR. However, this is not the case in (b). Instead, the advantages of FNR/FNN compared with HLN are quite significant when considering the velocity modulus. In this case, the indices ϕ_i and ψ_i are the average values of ϕ_i(t) and ψ_i(t) for the entire temporal evolution period, respectively, such as and with T = 120s. The error bars indicate the standard deviations during the temporal evolution period. Note that pigeons A and M act as the highest and the second highest leaders of HLN, thus their movements are generally not influenced by those of others. Therefore, they have not been taken into consideration.

Inline graphic — In (a), there is no clear difference between HLN-min and FNR/FNN except for pigeon G, in which case HLN-min evidently outperforms FNN/FNR. However, this is not the case in (b). Instead, the advantages of FNR/FNN compared with HLN are quite significant when considering the velocity modulus. In this case, the indices ϕ_i and ψ_i are the average values of ϕ_i(t) and ψ_i(t) for the entire temporal evolution period, respectively, such as and with T = 120s. The error bars indicate the standard deviations during the temporal evolution period. Note that pigeons A and M act as the highest and the second highest leaders of HLN, thus their movements are generally not influenced by those of others. Therefore, they have not been taken into consideration.