Table 2.
Animal studies for treatment of aortic aneurysmusing mesenchymal stem cells
| Experimental AA model | Cell source | Number of cells | Injection time | Delivery | Efficiency | Ref. |
| ATII-infusion mouse model | BM-MSC | Cell-sheet | Same time as ATII-infusion | Implantation of MSC-sheet around infrarenal aorta | 4 wk after implantation, inhibition of AA development and growth, and elastin degradation downregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α protein expression, and MMP-2 and -9 enzymatic activity Up-regulation of IGF-1 and TIMP-1 protein expression Positive for MSC specific surface marker | [51] |
| ATII-infusion mouse model | BM-MSC | 1 × 106/every week, 4 times | Same time as ATII-infusion | iv-administration | 4 wk after injection, inhibition of AA development and growth, elastin degradation, Mφ infiltration downregulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 protein expression, and MMP-2 and -9 enzymatic activity Up-regulation of IGF-1 and TIMP-1 protein expression Detection of MSC in the aortic wall | [53] |
| Elastase-perfusion mouse model | Placental-MSC | 1 × 106 | 1 d after elastase-perfusion | iv injection | 2 wk after injection, inhibition of AA expansion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and elastin degradation, downregulation of IL-17, IL-23, INF-γ, TNF-α, RANTES and MCP-1 protein expression Increase of α-SMA expression | [54] |
| Xenograft rat model | BM-MSC | 1 × 106 | Same time as surgical intervention | Catheter | 1 wk after surgical intervention inhibition of inflammatory cells infiltration and MMP-9 gene expression, and increase of TIMP-1 gene expression, after 4 wk, inhibition of AA expansion, increase of α-SMA expression, elastin and collagen content | [56] |
| Dacron-patch pig model | ASC | 1 × 106 | Same time as surgical intervention | Catheter | Attenuation of inflammation reaction, detection of ASC 3 wk after surgical intervention | [57] |
| Balloon injury with type 1 collagen and elastase-perfusion porcine model | BM-MSC | 1 × 106 | Same time as balloon-injury | Direct injection into aortic wall | 72 h after injection, Increase of VEGF-A mRNA expression level 1 wk after injection, detection of GFP-labeled MSC at aortic wall and vWF positive cells formed tubuloluminal structures within outer layer of media and throughout the adventitia | [54] |
AA: Aortic aneurysm; ATII: Angiotensin II; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; BM-MSC: Bone marrow-derived MSC; iv: Intravenous; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; GFP: Green fluorescent protein; TIMP-1: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases; MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; IFN: Interferon; ASC: Adipose tissue-derived MSC; vWF: von Willebrand factor.