Table 3.
Association of maternal education level, second-hand tobacco smoke (STS), and wheezing in 4–6-year-old children with reference to well-educated nonexposed to tobacco smoke mothers.
| Maternal education level and smoking | Wheezing cases N (%) |
Adjusted risk of wheezing∗ aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Mother nonsmoker | ||
| High and no STS∗∗ | 72 (8.9%) | 1 (reference) |
| High and STS | 37 (11.6%) | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) |
| Low and STS | 41 (16.5%) | 1.96 (1.28–2.98) |
| Mother smoker | ||
| High and no STS∗∗ | 72 (8.9%) | 1 (reference) |
| High and STS | 7 (12.7%) | 1.26 (0.54–2.93) |
| Low and STS | 11 (19.0%) | 2.12 (1.04–4.35) |
*Results of multivariate logistic regression models are presented as associations of wheezing odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals adjusting for first-year postnatal antibiotic use, low birth weight, and child parity. ∗∗Reference category is high educated, nonsmokers, and nonexposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (STS) mothers. SES-specific STS effect on children wheezing is presented in nonsmoker mothers and smoker mothers by educational level.