Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of sample (N = 1,200), grouped by intervention condition: Enhanced Intervention (EI, N = 544) vs. Standard Care (SC, N = 656)a
| EI (N = 544) n (%) | SC (N = 656) n (%) | Total (N = 1,200) n (%) | p Valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Mean age (SD) | 26.5 (5.5) | 26.5 (5.5) | 26.5 (5.5) | 0.936 |
| Highest education level | 0.873 | |||
| No schooling/grades 1–6 (primary) | 81 (15.0) | 108 (16.5) | 189 (15.8) | |
| Grades 7–12 (secondary) | 429 (79.3) | 525 (80.0) | 954 (79.7) | |
| Tertiary | 31 (5.7) | 23 (3.5) | 54 (4.5) | |
| Married or lives with partner | 102 (18.8) | 153 (23.3) | 255 (21.3) | 0.656 |
| Had a sexual partner, past 3 months | 468 (86.2) | 523 (79.7) | 991 (82.7) | 0.247 |
| Employed | 279 (51.3) | 258 (39.3) | 537 (44.8) | 0.169 |
| Living in formal housing | 342 (63.0) | 373 (56.9) | 715 (59.7) | 0.997 |
| Water on site | 370 (68.3) | 392 (60.0) | 762 (63.8) | 0.783 |
| Flush toilet versus other types | 309 (57.0) | 291 (44.4) | 600 (50.1) | 0.583 |
| Have electricity | 387 (71.3) | 554 (84.5) | 941 (78.5) | 0.132 |
| Median days mother gone hungry past week (range) | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.0 (0–7) | 0.0 (0–7) | 0.611 |
| Median days children gone hungry past week (range) | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.0 (0–5) | 0.0 (0–6) | 0.871 |
| Maternal health | ||||
| Any chronic illness | 71 (13.1) | 61 (9.3) | 132 (11.0) | 0.549 |
| Tested positive for TB during this pregnancy | 3 (0.6) | 19 (2.9) | 22 (1.8) | 0.088 |
| Substance use in pregnancy | ||||
| Alcohol prior to pregnancy recognition | 105 (19.3) | 101 (15.4) | 206 (17.2) | 0.463 |
| Alcohol after pregnancy recognition | 32 (5.9) | 27 (4.1) | 59 (4.9) | 0.186 |
| Tobacco | 38 (7.0) | 69 (10.5) | 107 (8.9) | 0.742 |
| Cannabis | 7 (1.3) | 4 (0.6) | 11 (0.9) | 0.274 |
| Depression (GHQ ≥ 7; moderate–severe) | 80 (14.7) | 89 (13.6) | 169 (14.1) | 0.724 |
| Social support | ||||
| Number of close friends and relatives times frequency of contact past month > median of 25b | 297 (54.7) | 289 (44.1) | 586 (48.9) | 0.084 |
| HIV disclosure and partner HIV status | ||||
| Disclosed HIV status to partner (N = 679) | 209 (67.6) | 250 (67.6) | 459 (67.6) | 0.857 |
| Disclosed HIV status to friend (N = 679) | 119 (38.5) | 123 (33.2) | 242 (35.6) | 0.568 |
| Asked current partner to test for HIV (N = 497) | 165 (75.7) | 212 (76.0) | 377 (75.9) | 0.947 |
| Current partner HIV+ (N = 345) | 97 (52.4) | 93 (58.1) | 190 (55.1) | 0.770 |
a
No significant baseline differences. EI and SC compared using random effects regression models, controlling for clinic clustering
b
Number of close friends/relatives: EI (median 1, range 0–15); SC (median 1, range 0–10); total (median 1, range 0–15). Number of contacts with close friends/relatives, past month: EI (median 22, range 0–150); SC (median 14.5, range 0–262); total (median 17, range 0–262)