Table 2.
Maternal and infant health and well-being outcomes at 1.5 months post-birth (N = 843), grouped by intervention condition: enhanced intervention (EI, N = 377) vs. standard care (SC, N = 466)
| EI (N = 377) n (%) | SC (N = 466) n (%) | Estimated odds ratio, EI versus SC (95 % CI)a | 2-sided p valuea | 1-sided, upper tail p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV transmission-related behaviours | |||||
| Told sexual partner about HIV status | 298 (79.0) | 339 (72.7) | 1.32 (0.54, 3.21) | 0.546 | 0.273 |
| Asked sexual partner to go for HIV test (N = 476) | 167 (77.3) | 168 (64.6) | 1.84 (1.13, 3.00) | 0.014 | 0.007* |
| PMTCT | |||||
| Mother took AZT from the 28th week of pregnancy, or on HAART | 340 (90.2) | 445 (95.5) | 0.44 (0.26, 0.74) | 0.002 | 0.999x |
| Mother took AZT during labor, or on HAART | 282 (74.8) | 334 (71.7) | 1.16 (0.44, 3.02) | 0.768 | 0.384 |
| Mother took NVP tablet at onset of labor, or on HAART | 361 (95.8) | 456 (97.9) | 0.53 (0.20, 1.41) | 0.203 | 0.899 |
| Infant given NVP syrup within 24 h of birth | 364 (96.6) | 451 (96.8) | 1.00 (0.36, 2.79) | 0.996 | 0.498 |
| AZT dispensed for infant and medicated as prescribed | 348 (92.3) | 374 (80.3) | 2.98 (0.78, 11.30) | 0.109 | 0.055 |
| One feeding method first week post-birth: formula or breastfeeding | 366 (99.5) | 448 (98.5) | 2.23 (0.68, 7.31) | 0.184 | 0.092 |
| Infant health status | |||||
| Birth weight ≥2,500 g | 310 (82.9) | 414 (89.8) | 0.55 (0.27, 1.14) | 0.108 | 0.946 |
| Weight-for-age z-score ≥ –2 (N = 707) | 274 (81.8) | 296 (79.6) | 1.10 (0.59, 2.02) | 0.771 | 0.386 |
| Height-for-age z-score ≥ –2 (N = 178) | 76 (80.9) | 45 (53.6) | 3.30 (1.41, 7.74) | 0.006 | 0.003* |
| Weight-for-length z-score ≥ –2 (N = 150) | 54 (71.1) | 63 (85.1) | 0.84 (0.19, 3.61) | 0.810 | 0.595 |
| Healthcare and health monitoring | |||||
| 4 or more antenatal clinic visits (4 is standard practice) | 328 (87.2) | 355 (76.2) | 2.17 (0.96, 4.88) | 0.062 | 0.031 |
| No depression (GHQ <7) | 357 (94.7) | 409 (87.8) | 2.55 (1.37, 4.76) | 0.003 | 0.002* |
| Post birth parenting tasks | |||||
| Registered infant's birth | 298 (79.9) | 318 (68.2) | 2.02 (0.98, 4.16) | 0.057 | 0.029 |
| Receiving child support grant | 57 (15.1) | 73 (15.7) | 1.16 (0.59, 2.25) | 0.670 | 0.335 |
*
EI significantly better than SC using 1-sided, upper tail p < 0.025
x
SC significantly better than EI using 2-sided p < 0.05
a
Random effects logistic regression, adjusted for clinic clustering. One-sided p value used in the binomial test; Two-sided p value used in the secondary analysis of individual outcomes