Table 3.

Characteristics of studies examining the association between surgeon/hospital volume and patient outcome after radical prostatectomy^*

Study	Design	Data source	Risk adjustment	Hospital volume	Surgical volume	Statistically Significant end points
Begg et al [3]	Retrospective	SEER Medicare claims (n = 11 522), 1992–1996	Age, CCI, race, clinical stage	RP volume Categorized in 4 groups: low (≤33), medium (34–61), high (62–107), very high (≥114)	RP volume Categorized in 4 groups: low (≤10), medium (11–19), high (20–32), very high (≥33)	Perioperative complications (%) Hospital volume low (32%), medium (31%), high (30%), very high (27%); p = 0.03 Surgical volume low (32%), medium (31%), high (30%), very high (26%); p = 0.001 Late urinary Complications (%) Hospital volume low (28%), medium (29%), high (23%), very high (20%); p < 0.001 Surgical volume low (28%), medium (26%), high (27%), very high (20%); p < 0.001 Long-term Incontinence (%) Surgical volume low (20%), medium (20%), high (19%), very high (16%); p = 0.04
Hu et al [8]	Retrospective	SEER Medicare claims (n = 2292). 1997–1998	Age, CCI, race, hospital type, hospital region, year of surgery	RP volume Categorized in 2 groups: low (<40), high (≥60/yr)	RP volume Categorized in 2 groups: low (<40), high (≥40/yr)	Anastomotic stricture (%) Hospital volume low (27%), high (20%); p = 0.01 Surgical volume low (22%), high (12%); p = 0.01 Perioperative complications Hospital volume low (22%), high (17%); p = 0.05 Prolonged length of stay (mean) Hospital volume low (5.2 d), high (4.4 d); p = 0.01 Surgical volume low (5.2 d), high (4.1 d); p = 0.01
Gooden et al [35]	Retrospective	SEER Medicare claims (n = 8349), 1991–2002	Age, CCI, race, clinical stage, tumor grade	RP Categorized in 3 groups: low (≤63), medium (64–116), high (≥138)	RP categorized in 3 groups: low (≤9), medium (10–19), high (20–77)	Recurrence-free survival time: hospital volume low vs high: 25th percentile, 45 mo, 95% CI, 42.0–50.0 vs 64 mo, 95% CI, 57.0–70.0 Surgical volume low vs high: 25th percentile, 60 mo, 95% CI, 54.0–68.0 vs 73 mo, 95% CI, 66.0–81.0
Hanchanale et al [21]	Retrospective	Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health in England	Age, admission acuity, waiting time	RP categorized in 2 groups: low (<26), high (≥26/yr)	RP categorized in 2 groups: low (<16), high (≥16/yr)	Perioperative mortality (OR; 95% CI) Hospital volume high vs low (0.4; 0.17–0.90; p = 0.028) Surgical volume high vs low (0.32; 0.13–0.75); p = 0.009
Alibhai et al [26]	Retrospective	Canadian Institute for Health Information (n = 25 404), 1990–2001	Age, CCI, year of surgery	Continuously coded	Continuously coded	In-hospital mortality (OR; 95% CI): Hospital volume (0.82; 0.69–0.99; p = 0.037) Complications (OR; 95% CI): Hospital volume (0.89; 0.87–0.91; p < 0.001 Surgical volume (0.84; 0.82–0.87; p < 0.001)

CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI = confidence interval; MIRP = minimally invasive radical prostatectomy; NIS = Nationwide Inpatient Sample; OR = odds ratio; ORP = open radical prostatectomy; PLND = pelvic lymph node dissection; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; RP = radical prostatectomy; SEER = Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results.

^*Displayed in chronological order.