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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 28.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Genet. 2013 Aug 28;47:121–137. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133522

Fig. 1. Processes in protein synthesis that deviate from the genetic code.

Fig. 1

(A) Two steps in translation where translational fidelity is controlled (tRNA charging and ribosome decoding). AA: amino acid. (B) Mechanisms in making mutant proteins. (C) Mechanisms in making proteins through frameshift or stop codon readthrough.