. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2014 Jan 7;121(4):936–945. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.037

Table 3.

Input Parameters for the Costs, Utilities, and Side Effects Included in the Markov Model of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Parameter Value	Value in USD (range)	Reference
Costs (2012 USB)
Visits and diagnostic testing
Initial office visit	242	CPT 99204
Subsequent office visits	185	CPT 99214
Optical coherence tomography at each visit	74	CPT 92134
Fluorescein angiography, at initial evaluation	260	CPT 99235
Interventions
Intravitreal ranibizumab	2389	CPT 67028
Intravitreal bevacizumab	356	CPT 67028
Costs of Managing Sequelae
Short-term
Endophthalmitis^*	4140	CPT 67015/67028
Blindness	2846	Frick³³
VTE	32141	Mahan³⁴ and MacDougall³⁵
MI	18326	Freeman³⁶
CVA	13307	Freeman³⁶
Long-term
MI	3557	Freeman³⁶
CVA	62796	Freeman³⁶
Utilities
Health States		Brown³⁷
20/12–20/20	0.92
20/25–20/40	0.84
20/50–20/80	0.76
20/100–20/160	0.66
≤ 20/200	0.61
Short-term side effects (QALYs lost)^{^}
Endophthalmitis	−0.1	Aaberg³⁸
VTE	−0.004	Bajaj³⁹
Long-term Side Effects (annual utility)^†
Blindness from endophthalmitis	0.37	Brown³⁷
CVA	0.39	Freeman³⁶
MI	0.84	Freeman³⁶
Relative risk of mortality after MI or CVA	2	Assumption
After MI
All-other nonvascular mortality	Varies by age	CDC Wonder database³²

VTE = venous thrombotic event; MI = myocardial infarction; CVA = cerebrovascular accident, QALY = quality-adjusted life years; USD = United states dollars; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CPT = Current Procedural Terminology

Reference: 2011 Medicare Payments for physician and facility fees; Red Book. All costs adjusted to 2012 prices

includes cost of topical antibiotics, corticosteroids and cycloplegics

^{^}

Short term side effects affected patients only during the first year after receipt of the intervention

^†

Long term side effects affected patients for the remainder of time they cycled through the model