. 2014 Aug;55(8):1762–1771. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M044834

TABLE 2.

Effects of whole grain and legume consumption on glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and oxidative stress before and after 12 week dietary treatments

	Control (n = 49)	Whole Grain (n = 50)	P	^a
Glucose (mg/dl)
Before^a	123.8 ± 4.21	124.7 ± 4.35	0.865	—
After^a	132.7 ± 4.62^d	113.9 ± 3.68^d	<0.001	—
Change	8.88 ± 1.22	−10.8 ± 1.17	<0.001	<0.001
Insulin (uIU/ml)
Before^a	6.93 ± 0.39	7.08 ± 0.33	0.524	—
After^a	6.85 ± 0.49	6.14 ± 0.26^d	0.517	—
Change	−0.08 ± 0.32	−0.95 ± 0.26	0.037	0.049
HOMA-IR^e
Before^a	2.12 ± 0.14	2.15 ± 0.11	0.503	—
After^a	2.23 ± 0.16	1.71 ± 0.08^d	0.017	—
Change	0.11 ± 0.10	−0.44 ± 0.08	<0.001	<0.001
Glucose response area (mg/dl/h)
Before^a	413.0 ± 19.0	386.1 ± 16.7	0.294	—
After^a	433.1 ± 22.5	352.1 ± 16.0^d	0.001	—
Change	20.1 ± 10.3	−34.1 ± 7.72	<0.001	<0.001
Insulin response area (uIU/ml/h)
Before^a	68.0 ± 10.1	77.8 ± 8.76	0.342	—
After^a	74.4 ± 16.2	65.1 ± 6.64^b	0.944	—
Change	6.43 ± 7.81	−11.5 ± 5.07	0.054	0.062
C-peptide response area (ng/ml/h)
Before^a	14.0 ± 0.80	14.6 ± 0.86	0.556	—
After^a	14.7 ± 1.12	13.6 ± 0.82^c	0.396	—
Change	0.73 ± 0.62	−0.95 ± 0.38	0.022	0.025
HbA_1c (%)
Before^a	6.69 ± 0.16	6.82 ± 0.18	0.581	—
After^a	6.82 ± 0.18^b	6.50 ± 0.09^c	0.111	—
Change	0.14 ± 0.06	−0.33 ± 0.12	0.001	<0.001
MDA (nmol/ml)
Before^a	9.33 ± 0.42	9.36 ± 0.41	0.975	—
After^a	10.0 ± 0.49^b	8.59 ± 0.34^b	0.015	—
Change	0.69 ± 0.26	−0.78 ± 0.30	<0.001	<0.001
8-epi-PGF_2α (pg/mg creatinine)
Before^a	2017.4 ± 148.7	1877.1 ± 129.1	0.622	—
After^a	2,117.4 ± 150.1	1764.7 ± 95.4	0.053	—
Change	100.0 ± 95.4	−112.5 ± 89.8	0.108	0.031

Data are expressed as means ± standard error.

Tested by logarithmic transformation.

P < 0.05.

P < 0.01.

P < 0.001 compared with initial value in each group tested by paired t-test. P values derived from independent t-test. P^a values derived from independent t-test after adjusted for baseline value.

HOMA-IR = [fasting insulin (μIU/ml) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5.