Table 1.
Baseline Data Used in Analyses of Diabetes and Cause-Specific Death, According to Participants' Diabetes Status.*
| Characteristic | Diabetes (N = 40,116) | No Diabetes (N = 674,945) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic factors | ||
| Age — yr | 58±8 | 55±8 |
| Sex — no. (%) | ||
| Male | 21,213 (53) | 337,178 (50) |
| Female | 18,903 (47) | 337,767 (50) |
| Geographic region or country — no. (%) | ||
| North America | 23,844 (59) | 257,818 (38) |
| Europe | 11,883 (30) | 371,717 (55) |
| Japan | 2,835 (7) | 20,170 (3) |
| Other | 1,554 (4) | 25,240 (4) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||
| Smoking status — no. (%) | ||
| Current smoker | 8,894 (22) | 225,331 (33) |
| Other | 31,222 (78) | 449,614 (67) |
| Alcohol use — no./total no. (%) | ||
| Current drinker | 10,177/20,447 (50) | 232,476/365,375 (64) |
| Other | 10,270/20,447 (50) | 132,899/365,375 (36) |
| Physical activity — no./total no. (%)† | ||
| Not active | 4117/8723 (47) | 132,795/258,071 (51) |
| Active | 4606/8723 (53) | 125,276/258,071 (49) |
| Anthropometric markers | ||
| Body-mass index‡ | ||
| No. with data | 40,116 | 674,945 |
| Mean | 28±5 | 26±4 |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||
| No. with data | 36,434 | 504,516 |
| Mean — mm Hg | 144±19 | 135±18 |
| Waist circumference | ||
| No. with data | 10,324 | 127,636 |
| Mean — cm | 97±13 | 89±12 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | ||
| No. with data | 10,288 | 127,167 |
| Mean | 0.93±0.07 | 0.89±0.08 |
| Lipids | ||
| Total cholesterol | ||
| No. with data | 35,016 | 494,678 |
| Mean — mmol/liter | 5.9±1.2 | 5.9±1.1 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol | ||
| No. with data | 25,906 | 321,267 |
| Mean — mmol/liter | 4.6±1.1 | 4.5±1.1 |
| HDL cholesterol | ||
| No. with data | 25,928 | 321,537 |
| Mean — mmol/liter | 1.2±0.4 | 1.4±0.4 |
| Loge triglycerides | ||
| No. with data | 27,515 | 397,593 |
| Mean — mmol/liter | 0.5±0.6 | 0.3±0.5 |
| Inflammatory markers | ||
| Fibrinogen | ||
| No. with data | 12,598 | 162,820 |
| Mean — μmol/liter | 9.8±2.3 | 9.3±2.1 |
| Loge C-reactive protein | ||
| No. with data | 6,979 | 104,642 |
| Mean — mg/liter | 0.9±1.1 | 0.6±1.1 |
| Metabolic and renal markers | ||
| Fasting glucose | ||
| No. with data | 22,015 | 157,023 |
| Mean — mmol/liter | 8.6±3.6 | 5.2±0.6 |
| Loge insulin | ||
| No. with data | 6,911 | 53,711 |
| Mean — pmol/liter | 4.6±0.7 | 4.0±0.6 |
| Glycated hemoglobin | ||
| No. with data | 4,971 | 48,468 |
| Mean — % | 7.2±2.0 | 5.3±0.5 |
| Loge estimated glomerular filtration rate§ | ||
| No. with data | 22,122 | 216,585 |
| Mean — ml/min/1.73 m2 | 4.3±0.3 | 4.4±0.2 |
Plus–minus values are means ±SD. Data are shown for the 715,061 of the 820,900 participants without known preexisting cardiovascular disease at baseline and for whom there was complete information about age, sex, smoking status (current smoker vs. any other status) and body-mass index. Information about the other characteristics in the table was not available for all participants. Diabetes was ascertained on the basis of self-report, medication use, fasting glucose level of 126 mg per deciliter (7.0 mmol per liter) or more, or a combination of these. To convert values for cholesterol to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.02586. To convert values for triglycerides to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.01129. To convert values for fibrinogen to grams per deciliter, divide by 29.41. To convert values for insulin to microunits per milliliter, divide by 6.945. To convert values for fasting glucose to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.05551. HDL denotes high-density lipoprotein.
Physical activity was defined as any form of aerobic or anaerobic exercise.
The body-mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated with the use of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.